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关键词： UV-B辐射   两栖动物   生物学效应   作用机理  

摘要： 随着地球臭氧层受到越来越严重的破坏,全球紫外辐射大幅增加。这被认为是导致两栖动物种群数量衰退的原因之一。中波紫外线（UV-B）辐射对两栖动物的影响是环境生态学研究的热点问题之一。本文概述UV-B辐射对两栖动物胚胎和不同发育阶段幼体的生物学效应及作用机理的研究,并对未来该领域研究的发展趋势进行了展望。

关键词： 生物学   动物   编纂   历时   中华   中国科学院   收集整理   文献资料  

摘要： 据科学网2016年10月21日报道，中国科学院动物所10月21日在北京举行《中华大典·生物学典·动物分典》编纂完成暨赠书仪式，表彰老一代科学家晚年在编撰《动物分典》中所做出的突出贡献。《动物分典》编纂历时九年，共收集整理了近4千卷（册）古代文献资料，从中考证、厘定了1界16门50纲206目622科1500多种中国古代动物，按照现代动物分类体系进行整理。

关键词： 陆生脊椎动物   动物生物学   广东   应用   野生   组成部分   生态系统   经济价值  

摘要： 陆生脊椎动物是生态系统的重要组成部分，在食品、药品、狩猎等方面具有不可替代的经济价值。自John Cassin于1856年率先发表广东记录的金斑鸺（Pluvial Zfulva）和针尾沙锥（Gallinagostenura）2种鸟以来，至今已经整整160年，尽管期间出版了几本专著介绍广东的陆生脊椎动物，

关键词： Gametogenesis   Life-history   Organic fall   Reducing habitat   Setubal canyon  

摘要： Sunken whale carcasses, known as "whale falls", deliver large, but relatively ephemeral pulses of organic material to the seafloor and serve as habitat for unique assemblages of deep-sea fauna that include generalist-scavenging species, chemosynthetic fauna and bone-specialist species. Despite the great deal of interest that fauna associated with whale falls have attracted, very little is known about this fauna in the deep Atlantic Ocean. Here we describe a new species of Ampharetidae that was found in an experiment using cow carcasses in the Setubal Canyon (NE Atlantic), as a surrogate of a whale fall. Further, we analyse the size and structure of the population at two different times and use histological analyses to investigate the reproductive biology of this new species. We propose that Paramytha ossicola sp. nov. is a bone-specialist adapted for life in ephemeral habitats. Reproductive traits include rapid maturation, continuous and non-synchronous gametogenesis. Recruitment seems to be controlled by habitat availability and biological interactions that result in post-settlement mortality. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： beta-catenin   blastema   Girardia sp.   Dugesia dorotocephala   odf2   Phagocata gracilis   Phagocata morgani   planarian maintenance   regeneration   RNA interference   stem cells   tissuespecific marker   whole worm in situ hybridization  

摘要： Regeneration has long fascinated humanity, and its documentation has progressed from simple descriptive observations to the intense molecular and cellular investigations of today. The overarching goal of this work is to make the key methods and tools being used in modern regeneration and stem cell biology research accessible to docents and students in the classroom. We have designed a series of experimental activities with accompanying protocols using four inexpensive, commercially available planarian species indigenous to North America: Girardia sp., Dugesia dorotocephala, Phagocata morgani, and Phagocata gracilis. These planarians are fast and robust regenerators, and can easily be maintained in the classroom. The activities presented here can be used to guide students through hypothesis-driven experiments, and range from simple manipulations aimed at high school students (e.g., planarian husbandry, feeding, and cutting experiments) to gene expression and protein function analyses suitable for college students. Regeneration time courses, the more complex whole worm in situ hybridizations, and RNA interference for gene knock-down experiments are described for each of the four species. Cumulatively, the suggested methods and experiments will facilitate the exploration of animal regeneration biology and promote curiosity-driven, hands-on application of the scientific method.

关键词： Aggression   Coping   Sociobiology   Social stress   Individual differences   Personality   Serotonin   Cardiovascular disease  

摘要： Considerable individual differences exist in trait-like patterns of behavioral and physiological responses to salient environmental challenges. This individual variation in stress coping styles has an important functional role in terms of health and fitness. Hence, understanding the neural embedding of coping style variation is fundamental for biobehavioral neurosciences in probing individual disease susceptibility. This review outlines individual differences in trait-aggressiveness as an adaptive component of the natural sociobiology of rats and mice, and highlights that these reflect the general style of coping that varies from proactive (aggressive) to reactive (docile). We propose that this qualitative coping style can be disentangled into multiple quantitative behavioral domains, e.g., flexibility/impulse control, emotional reactivity and harm avoidance/reward processing, that each are encoded into selective neural circuitries. Since functioning of all these brain circuitries rely on fine-tuned serotonin signaling, autoinhibitory control mechanisms of serotonergic neuron (re)activity are crucial in orchestrating general coping style. Untangling the precise neuromolecular mechanisms of different coping styles will provide a roadmap for developing better therapeutic strategies of stress-related diseases. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 动物生物学   课程   探究实验   改革  

摘要： 为了适应动物生物学教学改革的要求,根据该课程体系及实验室条件,在开设验证性实验基础上,设计了3个探究性实验:1观察文昌鱼和蛙的早期胚胎发育;2陆生脊椎动物骨骼系统与运动系统结构功能与适应;3打开脊椎动物的大脑。学生根据探究活动内容查阅文献资料,书写实验设计方案并开展实验,最后写出实验报告和总结。实验成绩占期末总成绩的25%。通过近3年的实践与探索,实验内容趋于完善。学生学习的热情与积极性高,动手能力、表达能力通过实验的准备、操作与汇报训练后有所提高,2016年期末成绩平均分比2015年提高19%。探究性实验把教材上的知识综合并融合到实验中,突出实验的趣味性,连续性和创新性,使学生牢固掌握动物主要类群从低级到高级演化的框架与主线,达到了课程大纲的学习要求。

关键词： Insect   Tick   Development   Innate immunity   Host-pathogen interactions  

摘要： Serpins are the largest known family of serine proteinase inhibitors and perform a variety of physiological functions in arthropods. Herein, we review the field of serpins in arthropod biology, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Serpins regulate insect innate immunity via inhibition of serine proteinase cascades that initiate immune responses such as melanization and antimicrobial peptide production. In addition, several serpins with anti-pathogen activity are expressed as acute-phase serpins in insects upon infection. Parasitoid wasps can downregulate host serpin expression to modulate the host immune system. In addition, examples of serpin activity in development and reproduction in Drosophila have also been discovered. Serpins also function in host-pathogen interactions beyond immunity as constituents of venom in parasitoid wasps and saliva of blood-feeding ticks and mosquitoes. These serpins have distinct effects on immunosuppression and anticoagulation and are of interest for vaccine development. Lastly, the known structures of arthropod serpins are discussed, which represent the serpin inhibitory mechanism and provide a detailed overview of the process. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： SYNTHETIC biology   MOLECULAR biology   MAMMAL cytology  

摘要： Synthetic biology is advancing the design of genetic devices that enable the study of cellular and molecular biology in mammalian cells. These genetic devices use diverse regulatory mechanisms to both examine cellular processes and achieve precise and dynamic control of cellular phenotype. Synthetic biology tools provide novel functionality to complement the examination of natural cell systems, including engineered molecules with specific activities and model systems that mimic complex regulatory processes. Continued development of quantitative standards and computational tools will expand capacities to probe cellular mechanisms with genetic devices to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the cell. In this study, we review synthetic biology tools that are being applied to effectively investigate diverse cellular processes, regulatory networks, and multicellular interactions. We also discuss current challenges and future developments in the field that may transform the types of investigation possible in cell biology.

关键词： 初中生物学   观察与实验   建构概念  

摘要： 观察与实验是初中生物教学的主要组成部分，也是学生获取大量事实性知识的重要途径。而凸显重要概念的教学，重视重要概念的传递和建构是《义务教育生物学课程标准（2011年版）》的突出特点。在观察实验的教学过程中，采用一定的教学策略引导学生有效获取事实性知识，并培养其基于证据与逻辑得出结论的思维模式是帮助学生建构生物学重要概念的关键。