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关键词： 前科学概念   概念转变   教学策略   初中生物学   两栖动物  

摘要： 本文对“两栖动物”中涉及的前科学概念及其成因进行了探讨，并对前科学概念如何转变为科学概念提出了相应的教学策略，以有效地提高教学质量。

关键词： 代用资料   气候变化   古代人类   树轮   历史资料   全球变化   人口爆炸   学典   地球生态环境   环境变化  

摘要： 当今世界,全球变化是世界各国关注的话题。人口爆炸、环境破坏、气候变化等给人类的生存和可持续发展带来严重挑战。评估人类活动和气候变化对地球生态环境变化的影响十分必要。过去,人们主要依靠冰心、年轮、化石、花粉、石笋、树轮、沉积物等代用资料来了解和重建过去的历史环境变迁。而历史资料作为古代人类亲眼所见的事实资料对于研究古代气候和环境变化具有其独特的价值。

关键词： 人文情怀素养   生物学课堂   生物学核心素养  

摘要： 人文情怀是《中国学生发展核心素养》十八个基本要点之一。通过课例分析生物学课堂的人文情怀素养培育，增强学生的人文底蕴等，促进学生生物学核心素养的提升。

关键词： 苏氨酸   限制性氨基酸   低蛋白日粮   免疫  

摘要： 蛋白质是生命的物质基础,生物体的功能主要通过蛋白质来实现,作为蛋白质的基本组成单位,氨基酸作用有待深入研究。近年来对苏氨酸的研究取得巨大进步,作者从苏氨酸的生物作用进行了简要综述,以论证研究苏氨酸对动物的重要性。

关键词： 硒   生物功能   动物   作用  

摘要： 硒是人与动物所必需的微量元素之一，适量的硒能促进动物生长，为此，综述硒的抗氧化和毒害作用以及硒对动物生长、繁殖、机体免疫等的影响。

关键词： 动物生物学   课程实习   考核  

摘要： 动物生物学课程实习考核改革需要充实实习考核内容,坚持以学生动手实践考核为主、理论考核为辅;实行动手操作、口试和笔试相结合的考核模式。

关键词： Tumor microenvironment   Acidosis   Invasiveness   Metabolism   Chemotherapy  

摘要： Acidosis is characteristic of the solid tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells, because they are highly proliferative and anabolic, have greatly elevated metabolic acid production. To sustain a normal cytosolic pH homeostasis they therefore need to either extrude excess protons or to neutralize them by importing HCO3-, in both cases causing extracellular acidification in the poorly perfused tissue microenvironment. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a ubiquitously expressed acid-extruding membrane transport protein, and upregulation of its expression and/or activity is commonly correlated with tumor malignancy. The present review discusses current evidence on how altered pH homeostasis, and in particular NHE1, contributes to tumor cell motility, invasion, proliferation, and growth and facilitates evasion of chemotherapeutic cell death. We summarize data from in vitro studies, 2D-, 3D- and organotypic cell culture, animal models and human tissue, which collectively point to pH-regulation in general, and NHE1 in particular, as potential targets in combination chemotherapy. Finally, we discuss the possible pitfalls, side effects and cellular escape mechanisms that need to be considered in the process of translating the plethora of basic research data into a clinical setting. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： endocannabinoid   ethology   neuromodulation   pain   synapse  

摘要： The inability to adequately treat chronic pain is a worldwide health care crisis. Pain has both an emotional and a sensory component, and this latter component, nociception, refers specifically to the detection of damaging or potentially damaging stimuli. Nociception represents a critical interaction between an animal and its environment and exhibits considerable evolutionary conservation across species. Using comparative approaches to understand the basic biology of nociception could promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat pain, and studies of nociception in invertebrates can provide especially useful insights toward this goal. Both vertebrates and invertebrates exhibit segregated sensory pathways for nociceptive and nonnociceptive information, injury-induced sensitization to nociceptive and nonnociceptive stimuli, and even similar antinociceptive modulatory processes. In a number of invertebrate species, the central nervous system is understood in considerable detail, and it is often possible to record from and/or manipulate single identifiable neurons through either molecular genetic or physiological approaches. Invertebrates also provide an opportunity to study nociception in an ethologically relevant context that can provide novel insights into the nature of how injury-inducing stimuli produce persistent changes in behavior. Despite these advantages, invertebrates have been underutilized in nociception research. In this review, findings from invertebrate nociception studies are summarized, and proposals for how research using invertebrates can address questions about the fundamental mechanisms of nociception are presented.

关键词： repetitive behavior   basal ganglia   striatum   optogenetic   autoimmune   autism  

摘要： Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with unknown molecular underpinnings. Identification of genetic and non genetic risk factors has largely been elusive, primarily because of a lack of power. In contrast, neuroimaging has consistently implicated the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits in OCD. Pharmacological treatment studies also show specificity, with consistent response of OCD symptoms to chronic treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors;although most patients are left with residual impairment. In theory, animal models could provide a bridge from the neuroimaging and pharmacology data to an understanding of pathophysiology at the cellular and molecular level. Several mouse models have been proposed using genetic, immunological, pharmacological, and optogenetic tools. These experimental model systems allow testing of hypotheses about the origins of compulsive behavior. Several models have generated behavior that appears compulsive-like, particularly excessive grooming, and some have demonstrated response to chronic serotonin reuptake inhibitors, establishing both face validity and predictive validity. Construct validity is more difficult to establish in the context of a limited understanding of OCD risk factors. Our current models may help us to dissect the circuits and molecular pathways that can elicit OCD-relevant behavior in rodents. We can hope that this growing understanding, coupled with developing technology, will prepare us when robust OCD risk factors are better understood. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cognitive Flexibility (C) 2016 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Obstructive nephropathy   miRNAs/microRNAs   Microarrays   let-7a-5p and miR-29b-3p   DTX4 and NAV1  

摘要： Background: Although renal fibrosis and inflammation have shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of obstructive nephropathies, molecular mechanisms underlying evolution of these processes remain undetermined. In an attempt towards improved understanding of obstructive nephropathy and improved translatability of the results to clinical practice we have developed a systems biology approach combining omics data of both human and mouse obstructive nephropathy. Results: We have studied in parallel the urinary miRNome of infants with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and the kidney tissue miRNome and transcriptome of the corresponding neonatal partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model. Several hundreds of miRNAs and mRNAs displayed changed abundance during disease. Combination of miRNAs in both species and associated mRNAs let to the prioritization of five miRNAs and 35 mRNAs associated to disease. In vitro and in vivo validation identified consistent dysregulation of let-7a-5p and miR-29-3p and new potential targets, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (DTX4) and neuron navigator 1 (NAV1), potentially involved in fibrotic processes, in obstructive nephropathy in both human and mice that would not be identified otherwise. Conclusions: Our study is the first to correlate a mouse model of neonatal partial UUO with human UPJ obstruction in a comprehensive systems biology analysis. Our data revealed let-7a and miR-29b as molecules potentially involved in the development of fibrosis in UPJ obstruction via the control of DTX4 in both man and mice that would not be identified otherwise.