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关键词： DNA damage response   Ionizing radiation   Radiation exposure monitoring   Radiotolerance   Ultraviolet radiation  

摘要： Eukaryotic genome surveillance is dependent on the multiple, highly coordinated network functions of the DNA damage response (DDR). Highlighted conserved features of DDR in plants and animals represent a challenging opportunity to develop novel interdisciplinary investigations aimed at expanding the sets of DNA damage biomarkers currently available for radiation exposure monitoring (REM) in environmental and biomedical applications. In this review, common and divergent features of the most relevant DDR players in animals and plants are described, including the intriguing example of the plant and animal kingdom-specific master regulators SOG1 (suppressor of gamma response) and p53. The potential of chromatin remodelers as novel predictive biomarkers of DNA damage is considered since these highly evolutionarily conserved proteins provide a docking platform for the DNA repair machinery. The constraints of conventional REM biomarkers can be overcome using biomarkers identified with the help of the pool provided by high-throughput techniques. The complexity of radiation-responsive animal and plant transcriptomes and their usefulness as sources of novel REM biomarkers are discussed, focusing on ionizing (IR) and UV-radiation. The possible advantages resulting from the exploitation of plants as sources of novel DNA damage biomarkers for monitoring the response to radiation mediated genotoxic stress are listed. Plants could represent an ideal system for the functional characterization of knockout mutations in DDR genes which compromise cell survival in animals. However, the pronounced differences between plant and animal cells need to be carefully considered in order to avoid any misleading interpretations. Radioresistant plant-based systems might be useful to explore the molecular bases of LD (low dose)/LDR (low dose rate) responses since nowadays it is extremely difficult to perform an accurate assessment of LD/LDR risk to human health. To overcome these constraints, rese

关键词： 实验   病原微生物   水生动物   教材   动物疾病   高等学校  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030591845

摘要： 本教材在普通微生物实验的基础上添加病原菌分离鉴定与肠道菌分离鉴定大实验，使学生在掌握微生物实验操作的基础上，将理论与实践紧密结合，让学生真正的学以致用，能解决生产实践中遇到的微生物相关问题。基础微生物实验部分，不仅涵盖了细菌的简单染色、鉴别染色，常见微生物的形态比较等，还包括微生物常用器材的洗涤、灭菌，以及理化因子对微生物生长的影响。在此基础上，循序渐进，了解微生物纯种分离与计数的方法，并扩展到生产实践中的病原分离鉴定及鱼体表肠道菌群的分离鉴定。病原菌分离鉴定是以科赫法则为实验原理，通过让学生充分理解该法则，解决生产实践中细菌感染的实际问题。鱼体表肠道菌群的分离鉴定则是将目前最新研究热点引用到  更多...

关键词： DNA甲基化   DNA去甲基化   新型DNA修饰   测序技术   表观遗传学  

摘要： 哺乳动物DNA去甲基化参与基因表达的调控,是维持生命活动必不可少的一环。甲基化及去甲基化动态平衡的紊乱可能会导致机体生长发育异常,以及多种疾病甚至癌症的发生。随着基因组学测序分析技术的进步,人们已能够监测DNA去甲基化相关修饰在不同时期多个部位的动态变化,并逐渐揭示其调控功能。该文主要介绍哺乳动物中由TET/TDG介导的DNA去甲基化过程及中间产物,其在胚胎发育、癌症发生过程中的调控机制,以及现阶段可对其进行检测的测序分析技术。

关键词： 动物学实验   发育生物学   基础训练  

摘要： 动物学是发育生物学的先期课程之一,动物学实验技能训练直接影响后期学生对发育生物学知识的理解和掌握。本文概括动物学实验课程教学的现状,指出了基础训练方面存在的问题,提出了初步的改革方案,以便学生更快更好掌握实验基础技能,更好地满足各专业课的教学需要,引导学生积极思维和探索,发挥学生的主观能动性,提高整体教学质量。

关键词： “情境—问题”   教学模式   主动探究   教学设计  

摘要： 在"动物的运动"一课的核心概念传递中,通过构建"情境导入—导学设疑—自主学习—合作探究—展示交流—总结拓展"的"情境—问题"教学模式,使课堂从"教为中心"向"学为中心"转变,促使学生主动建构生物学概念。

关键词： Mastigoteuthis agassizii   Mastigoteuthidae   Cephalopoda   deep-sea   reproductive system  

摘要： Cephalopods are an important, abundant and taxonomically diverse component of the bathypelagic realm. However, their biology, ecology and distribution are poorly known. Specimens of Mastigoteuthis agassizii (Mastigoteuthidae) have been captured in the southern part of the Denmark Strait, which is at approximately 65 degrees N. This site is approximately 550km north of the previously most northern known border of the Mastigoteuthidae range. The main goal of this paper is to provide an extended morphological description and biological analysis of M. agassizii, the first species of the Mastigoteuthidae caught in the Subarctic Atlantic. Despite sample collection at 534 deep-water stations in the area, only two specimens were captured, indicating the rarity of this species in the northern part of its range. We suggest that the typical range of this species is bathyal depths throughout the North Atlantic to the Subarctic, but not through the Denmark and Davis Straits to the Arctic. These findings coincide with the geographic border of the Northern Atlantic boreal bathyal province, which is warmer and more saline compared to the Arctic province further to the north. We also provide the first descriptions of the radula and reproductive system of M. agassizii. The female had synchronous ovulation, fecundity of approximately 23,000 oocytes, oocyte resorption having not been found, most likely due to the early maturity stage of the female. The males, as proven by our sample and additional photo in other source, were found to have the distal part of the penis enlarged, divided into two valves and pigmented, possibly indicating they can protrude outside the mantle cavity. This enlarged valved part, as it is supposed in the literature for other deep-water squid families having it, may be used as an analogue to the lacking hectocotylus.

关键词： ANIMALS (Philosophy)   ZOOS  

摘要： Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

关键词： 大型底栖动物   附生硅藻   多度量指数   生物学评价   一致性  

摘要： 水质评价对于河流健康保护和管理具有重要的指导作用。目前,水生生物评价在欧美等国已经得到广泛的应用,而国内仍处在摸索阶段。进一步提高水生生物评价方法在我国的实用性具有十分重要的意义。河流中分布着十分广泛的大型底栖动物(以下简称“底栖动物”)群落和附生硅藻群落,对河流生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起到了巨大作用,且能够非常敏锐的感知到水生生态系统的环境变化并在群落组成和分布上做出相应的响应,因此十分适宜作为河流水质评价的指示生物,本文选用底栖动物和附生硅藻分别构建了底栖动物和附生硅藻的水质生物学评价模型,并将其与传统理化指标评价方法进行了水质评价一致性的研究。于2017年1月和8月在漓江流域的三个主要河段上进行了理化指标、底栖动物以及附生硅藻的采样调查,两次采样总共在41个点位上采集到82个底栖动物样本,36个附生硅藻样本。利用理化指标数据、底栖动物数据以及附生硅藻数据分别构建水质的理化指标综合评价体系、底栖动物多度量指数评价模型和附生硅藻多度量指数评价模型:(1)采用主成分分析方法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)分别对两季的理化指标进行分析,识别出电导率、溶氧和总磷是影响漓江流域水环境的主要环境因子,基于3种主要环境因子利用单因子评价方法构建了传统理化指标评价体系。(2)根据主要环境因子和底栖动物的百分比模式相似性指数筛选出了9个参照点,其余均为受损点。采用分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验分析底栖动物参数在参照点与受损点的差异,结果表明,EPT(E:蜉蝣目,P:襀翅目,T:毛翅目)分类单元数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、甲壳和软体数量百分比、敏感类群数量百分比、BI指数为底栖动物评价模型的核心参数,采用比值法一致化生物参数响应方向,得到理论范围在0-100的底栖动物多度量指数(Benthic macroinvertebrates Multimetric Index,B-MMI),以参照点群的底栖动物多度量指数值的25%分位数值作为健康与否的标准,未达到标准的将数值范围平均分成三等份,则底栖动物的水质评价标准为:<36.54,差;36.54～53.98,一般;53.98～71.41,良好;≥71.54,健康。之后利用历史底栖动物数据验证模型的可靠性,结果表明,参照点与受损点之间存在显著差异性,说明构建的模型能够有效区分河段的受干扰程度。(3)采用同样的参照点与受损点的划分方法进行附生硅藻的分析,采用分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验分析附生硅藻参数在参照点与受损点的差异,结果表明,总分类单元数、极小曲丝藻数量百分比和富营养化硅藻指数(Trophic Diatom Index,TDI)作为硅藻评价模型核心参数,然后采用比值法一致化生物参数响应方向,得到理论范围在0-100的附生硅藻多度量指数(Diatom Multi-metric Index,D-MMI)。以参照点群的附生硅藻多度量指数值的25%分位数值作为健康与否的标准,未达到标准的将数值范围平均分成三等份,附生硅藻的水质评价标准为:<27.27,差;27.27～53.21,一般;53.21～79.14,良好;≥79.14,健康。(4)比较生物评价和理化指标评价发现,理化评价和底栖动物评价结果完全一致的占总样本的36.59%,相差1个级别的占31.71%,相差2个级别占13.41%,相差3个级别的占18.29%;理化评价和附生硅藻评价结果完全一致的占26.32%,相差1个级别的占42.11%,相差2个级别的占26.32%,相差3个级别的占5.26%。在采用同一套参照点群的基础上,两种水质生物学评价模型与传统理化指标评价体系的结果的可靠性分别为68.49%和68.42%,评价结果的一致性程度基本相同,但附生硅藻评价结果相差为3个级别的点位占比要明显低于底栖动物评价结果,因此附生硅藻评价模型在漓江流域具有更好的稳定性和适用性。

关键词： 神经调节   体液调节   免疫调节  

摘要： 人和高等动物的生命活动调节这一部分知识,对中学生来说是一个需要掌握的重点,但同时也是一个难点。对这一部分知识,如何才能较容易地深入地理解和掌握呢?试图从问题入手并进行调节的实例分析来讨论这部分内容,希望可帮助中学生较容易地掌握它们。

关键词： 职业能力   动物微生物学   学习兴趣  

摘要： 本文以职业能力培养为目的提出了激发学生兴趣、上好第一堂微生物学课、利用网络资源、改进授课方式四种方式提高动物微生物学的课堂教学效率,以期为该门课程的教学改革提供一定的指导意义。