教学课程资源库 更多>>

关键词： Carboniferous   Brachiopod communities   Paleontology   Gulf of Suez   Egypt  

摘要： Rod El-Hamal area was considered as one of the most important outcrops in the western side of the Gulf of Suez where the Carboniferous marine sediments are exposed. 12 brachiopod species fauna identified from the late Carboniferous Rod El-Hamal Formation in the study area. The identified brachiopod fauna is dominated by diverse species of Athyridida, Orthotetida, and Productida. Composita is the dominant brachiopod genus that represented by six species. The bryozoans are also diverse group including Cystoporata, Fistuliporoida, Trepostomata and Fenestrata, which are known from the limestone beds in Rod El-Hamal Formation. Grainstone and Rudstone are the main microfacies in the bryozoa-bearing limestone beds. The facies associations of Rod El-Hamal Formation show fluctuation between the carbonate and siliciclastic inner shelf. The articulated shells of the Brachiopoda display damage resulting from predation. The paleobiogeography of the benthic assemblages including brachiopods and bryozoans was highlighted.

关键词： vocalization   vocal pathways   songbird   mouse   monkey  

摘要： Vocalization is an ancient vertebrate trait essential to many forms of communication, ranging from courtship calls to free verse. Vocalizations may be entirely innate and evoked by sexual cues or emotional state, as with many types of calls made in primates, rodents and birds;volitional, as with innate calls that, following extensive training, can be evoked by arbitrary sensory cues in non-human primates and corvid songbirds;or learned, acoustically flexible and complex, as with human speech and the courtship songs of oscine songbirds. This review compares and contrasts the neural mechanisms underlying innate, volitional and learned vocalizations, with an emphasis on functional studies in primates, rodents and songbirds. This comparison reveals both highly conserved and convergent mechanisms of vocal production in these different groups, despite their often vast phylogenetic separation. This similarity of central mechanisms for different forms of vocal production presents experimentalists with useful avenues for gaining detailed mechanistic insight into how vocalizations are employed for social and sexual signalling, and how they can be modified through experience to yield new vocal repertoires customized to the individual's social group. This article is part of the theme issue 'What can animal communication teach us about human language?'

关键词： 高职院校   动物微生物学   课程教学   高效课堂   构建  

摘要： 动物微生物学课程知识点复杂,技术性、应用性强,为了达到相关教育目标,应整合相关教育资源,开发课程体系,合理应用多媒体等现代化技术,打造信息化课堂,推动理论与实践教学融合,构建高效课堂,全面提升教学效率。

关键词： circRNA   生成方式   研究方法   生物学功能   家畜动物  

摘要： 环状RNA(circRNA)是一类内源性的环状非编码RNA。目前circRNA的研究主要集中在癌症、肿瘤等方面,在家畜动物中的研究较少且主要集中在circRNA的信息挖掘。本文总结了circRNA的生成方式、分类、研究方法及生物学功能等方面内容,归纳了其在家畜动物肌肉发育、脂肪沉积等方面的研究进展,分析总结了目前家畜动物circRNA研究中存在的问题,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词： 锌   生物学   功能   生产   应用  

摘要： 锌元素是动物体内的重要微量元素,同样也是动物代谢的必需元素,参与动物体内许多重要的代谢过程.本文主要介绍了锌的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用,以期能为锌元素在动物生产中更好的应用提供理论依据,同时为锌在畜牧业生产中使用提供参考.

关键词： mammalian synthetic biology   gene switch   RNA switch   RNA-protein interaction   translation   aptamer  

摘要： The lack of available genetic modules is a fundamental issue in mammalian synthetic biology. Especially, the variety of genetic parts for translational control are limited. Here we report a new set of synthetic mRNA-based translational switches by engineering RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RBP-binding RNA motifs (aptamers) that perform strong translational repression. We redesigned the RNA motifs with RNA scaffolds and improved the efficiency of the repression to target RBPs. Using new and previously reported mRNA switches, we demonstrated that the orthogonality of translational regulation was ensured among five different RBP-responsive switches. Moreover, the new switches functioned not only with plasmid introduction, but also with RNA-only delivery, which provides a transient and safer regulation of expression. The translational regulators using RNA protein interactions provide an alternative strategy to construct complex genetic circuits for future cell engineering and therapeutics.

关键词： animal models   neuropathic pain   nociceptive pain   surgical models  

摘要： Pain is a complex constellation of cognitive, unpleasant sensory, and emotional experiences that primarily serves as a survival mechanism. Pain arises in the peripheral nervous system and pain signals synapse with nerve tracts extending into the central nervous system. Several different schemes are used to classify pain, including the underlying mechanism, tissues primarily affected, and time-course. Numerous animal models of pain, which should be employed with appropriate Institutional Animal Care and Use approvals, have been developed to elucidate pathophysiology mechanisms and aid in identification of novel therapeutic targets. The variety of available models underscores the observations that pain phenotypes are driven by several distinct mechanisms. Pain outcome measurement encompasses both reflexive (responses to heat, cold, mechanical and electrical stimuli) and nonreflexive (spontaneous pain responses to stimuli) behaviors. However, the question of translatability to human pain conditions and potential treatment outcomes remains a topic of continued scrutiny. In this review we discuss the different types of pain and their mechanisms and pathways, available rodent pain models with an emphasis on type of pain stimulations and pain outcome measures and discuss the role of pathologists in assessing and validating pain models.

关键词： cell-free   automation   high-throughput   prototyping  

摘要： The field of mammalian synthetic biology is expanding quickly, and technologies for engineering large synthetic gene circuits are increasingly accessible. However, for mammalian cell engineering, traditional tissue culture methods are slow and cumbersome, and are not suited for high-throughput characterization measurements. Here we have utilized mammalian cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) assays using HeLa cell extracts and liquid handling automation as an alternative to tissue culture and flow cytometry-based measurements. Our CFPS assays take a few hours, and we have established optimized protocols for small-volume reactions using automated acoustic liquid handling technology. As a proof-of-concept, we characterized diverse types of genetic regulation in CFPS, including T7 constitutive promoter variants, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) constitutive translation-initiation sequence variants, CRISPR/dCas9-mediated transcription repression, and L7Ae-mediated translation repression. Our data shows simple regulatory elements for use in mammalian cells can be quickly prototyped in a CFPS model system.

关键词： 2型糖尿病   蛋白质组学   代谢组学   中国地鼠  

摘要： 目的:通过对初步建立的中国地鼠自发性2型糖尿病(T2DM)动物模型进行血糖监测,建立稳定的中国地鼠自发性T2DM动物模型群体,然后应用蛋白质组学和代谢组学分析筛选糖尿病地鼠小肠组织中的差异表达蛋白及血清样本中的差异代谢物,从蛋白质组学层面和代谢角度分析中国地鼠自发性T2DM的分子生物学特征,为中国地鼠模型在T2DM机制研究中的应用提供科学依据。方法:在初步建立中国地鼠自发性T2DM动物模型的基础上,继续对该模型中用于扩群的地鼠进行近亲繁殖产生后代,从地鼠3月龄开始对其空腹血糖值(FBG)进行监测,将FBG≥6 mmol/L的地鼠作为糖尿病组,选择地鼠群体中FBG≤4.5 mmol/L的地鼠作为正常对照组。应用基于质谱的蛋白质组学和代谢组学分析构建糖尿病中国地鼠小肠组织差异表达蛋白谱及血清差异代谢物谱图,通过基因本论(GO)和KEGG通路富集对筛选出的差异表达蛋白进行功能富集分析,在系统水平上通过代谢通路富集分析(MPEA)对筛选出的差异代谢物进行可视化的生物学解释,然后对蛋白质组学和代谢组学结果进行联合分析,并且利用Western Blotting实验验证候选差异表达蛋白PGAM1、PHGDH、CBS、CTH和GATM在糖尿病地鼠小肠组织和正常组地鼠小肠组织中的表达水平。结果:研究结果显示,在中国地鼠糖尿病群体中,从3月龄开始糖尿病地鼠FBG值明显高于正常对照组,12月龄时糖尿病地鼠FBG值趋于稳定且葡萄糖耐量受损,但糖尿病组和正常对照组的体重值未发现显著性差异。通过蛋白质组学和代谢组学分析(P-value<0.05;FC>1.2),在小肠组织中共鉴定到213个差异表达蛋白,其中117个蛋白表达上调,96个蛋白表达下调;在血清样本中共鉴定到14种差异代谢物,包括10种氨基酸、3种有机酸和1种脂肪酸,其中除了4-Hydroxybenzoic acid这1种有机酸的代谢水平在糖尿病组下调外,样本中其余差异物质的代谢水平均为上调。差异表达蛋白的GO和KEGG功能富集显示糖尿病地鼠的代谢异常主要集中在糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗(IR)、氨基酸代谢紊乱及炎症等方面,差异代谢物的MPEA分析显示富集到的通路几乎均为氨基酸代谢通路,且这些通路中的氨基酸代谢物与糖尿病IR相关。对两种组学数据进行联合分析,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢(glycine,serine and threonine metabolism)途径中富集到8个差异表达蛋白(PGAM1、PHGDH、PSAT1、CTH、CBS、GATM、GAMT和GCAT)和3个差异代谢物(Glycine、Homoserine和Tryptophan),通过对该途径及其衍生途径进行分析,发现糖尿病地鼠血清样本中鉴定到的氨基酸代谢物可作为IR的生物标志物,而上述差异表达蛋白可对这些氨基酸的代谢过程进行调控。进一步通过Western Blotting实验验证,差异蛋白PGAM1、PHGDH、CBS、CTH和GATM的表达水平在糖尿病地鼠小肠组织中显著上调。结论:本研究应用蛋白质组学和代谢组学对中国地鼠自发性T2DM动物模型小肠组织和血清样本进行了生物信息学分析,发现糖尿病地鼠的分子生物学特征主要集中在糖脂代谢、IR、氨基酸代谢紊乱和炎症等方面。更重要的是,我们对这两种组学的结果进行了联合分析,以氨基酸代谢为线索,在糖尿病地鼠小肠组织中发现了一些与IR相关的候选蛋白,这一发现对于从分子水平理解糖尿病地鼠的IR具有重要意义,为地鼠模型在糖尿病IR方面的后续深入研究奠定了基础,同时也为T2DM发病机制的研究提供了新的思路。