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关键词： 轻链可变区   重链   抗体活性   免疫球蛋白  

摘要： 三、免疫反应的效应物质——免疫球蛋白免疫球蛋白与抗体,二者概念并不完全相同,免疫球蛋白是从化学角度讲的,包涵的内容比抗体广泛,抗体是从免疫角度讲的,是抗原的对立面。抗体是有针对性的,抗体是免疫球蛋白中有针对性的部分,而免疫球蛋白则不全是抗体。免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulius)简称Ig。 (一)、简史: 1900年欧立许(Ehrlich)提出抗体生成的侧锁学说,1937—1939年狄西鲁(Tisslius)及卡巴特(Kabat)发现血清蛋白质在电场中泳动,其迁移率不同,可分为四个组分,即白

关键词： Fossils   Vertebrates   Shales   Fish scales   Siltstones   Bones   Sediments   Limestones   Freshwater fishes   Marine fishes  

摘要： The Maybelle Member of the Lueders Formation, lower Permian of north-central Texas, includes approximately 8 m of alternating marine and terrestrial (fresh-water) sediments. The unit has long been termed the "Maybelle limestones", but the rocks consist of dolostone, dolomitic siltstones and shale. There are no limestones. The environment was deltaic, with shifting freshwater streams depositing terrestrial sediments on the muddy bottom of a shallow estuary. Conditions were not suitable for preservation of invertebrate shells, but invertebrate trace fossils are locally abundant in the dolostone sections. Fossils of marine sharks, bradyodonts, and marine fishes are preserved in the dolostone, while fossils of freshwater fishes, amphibians and reptiles are present in the dark terrestrial sediments. Mudcracks and footprints of large amphibians and reptiles show that the marine muds were occasionally exposed. Remains of 15 vertebrate taxa are identified.

关键词： Isopoda   littoral fauna   intertidal environment   breeding   spatial distribution   seasonal variations   Irish Sea  

摘要： The life history and distribution of the intertidal isopod Idotea granulosa were investigated at five rocky shore biotopes in the Isle of Man. I. granulosa breeds throughout the year in the Irish Sea. The breeding activity is highest in the early summer after the sexual maturation of the overwintered animals. At that period about 4% of the females were infested by Clypeoniscus sp. (Isopoda) which destroys the brood. A small proportion of the juveniles relesed in the early summer mature and breed in the autumn. In the winter Idotea populations consisted of juveniles, immature adults and old individuals which produce another brood. These large sized animals die off before the summer. Consequently, the age and size of the breeding I. granulosa fluctuates seasonally. The number of eggs is linearly related to the female length. The fecundity is highest in the spring and lowest in the autumn in all female size classes. I. granulosa inhibits an array of structurally different intertidal algae including the filamentous Cladophora rupestris, understory turfs Gigartina stellata, Laurencia pinnatifida and Corallina officinalis and the fucoids Fucus serratus and Ascophyllum nodosum. The distribution pattern of I. granulosa in examined intertidal communities is modified by the physiognomy of the algal microhabitats, by seasonal and spatial variation in wave agitation and by the breeding cycle of the population itself. Both the life history characteristics and distribution patterns are explained as adaptations to the spatially and temporally heterogeneous intertidal shores.

关键词： Turbellaria   Bipalium   fragmentation   reproduction   identification  

摘要： The common short-bodied species of Bipalium does not fragment, but individuals of two newly discovered long-bodied species — B. nobile Kawakatsu & Makino, 1982, and B. multilineatum Makino & Shirasawa, 1983 — do regularly fission, usually behind the mouth or genital pore. Some experimental regenerates of these species form rings by adhesion of the anterior with the posterior cut surface. We found two other forms of Bipalium, perhaps representing a further two species, in Hino City, Tokyo, in 1983; and we have preliminarily arranged the forms of Bipalium known in the region into four groups distinguished on the basis of body coloring, position of the mouth, and structure of the copulatory organ.

关键词： 幼虫发育   亚麻蝇   双翅目昆虫   衰老生物学   自交系   品系(育种)   实验动物  

摘要： 我们选择野亚麻蝇(Parasarcophaga similis,Meade)作为衰老生物学的一种实验动物,发展了一套简易快捷的培养野亚麻蝇的技术,並用以进行连续近亲繁殖,迄今已传了十余代。各世代的生长发育均健康正常。我们还发展了野亚麻蝇的剖腹采集幼虫,延缓幼虫化蛹、收集幼虫体液和成虫唾液、进行成虫胸腔注射等项简易技术,为进一步研究打下了基础。

关键词： 精子运动   海胆   精子鞭毛   鞭毛运动   动物精子   二联体   轴丝  

摘要： 大多数动物精子的尾巴是一根鞭毛,借助它的摆动进行游泳活动。虽然早在上个世纪就已经在普通的光学显微镜下发现精子的鞭毛运动,但对其运动形式及结构基础的认识却进展很慢,主要由于精子鞭毛摆动的频率很高,达到每秒钟60次,难以目测。另外,精子的鞭毛轴,即轴丝(axoneme)很纤细,其内部基本组成如微管(microtubule)的直径仅为25毫微米,远远超出光学显微镜的分辨范围,直至本世纪中

关键词： 底栖   湘江干流   龙骨河螺   摇蚊幼虫   大型无脊椎动物   生物指数   摇蚊科   摇蚊总科   水丝   底栖动物   底栖生物   生物学  

摘要： 作者于1979年7月至1982年3月使用彼得生采泥器分别对湘江干流10个断面以及株洲至湘潭重点江段12个采样站采集底栖大型无脊椎动物5次。结果表明Shannon-Wiener多样性指数公式与Goodnight-Whitley生物指数公式均适用于作湘江干流污染的生物学评价。从采集的底栖大型无脊椎动物中发现一些可以作为湘江干流中度及轻度污染的指示生物种类。

关键词： 顶体反应   精卵融合   豚鼠   荷兰猪   精子质膜   精子获能   哺乳动物   生物学  

摘要： 受精是生物学家饶有兴味的课题。因为受精代表了一类特殊细胞即精子与卵子间的相互作用。当今生物学家使用现代细胞生物学和生物化学的工具来从事受精的研究。受精对广大读者来说也具有一种魅力。基于受精是新生命的开始,又是妊娠的一个重要阶段,加之,现今

关键词： 啮齿动物   取食   花鼠   达乌尔黄鼠   草原黄鼠   达乌尔鼠兔   陕北黄土高原  

摘要： 1978—1980年期间,我们曾对陕北黄土高原地区的几种啮齿类作了些生态观察,现作初步整理,供有关方面参考。工作在陕北黄土高原(渭北黄土台原与榆林毛乌素风沙高原之间)、海拔高度800—1800米间的地区进行。本区由于古代地貌的变迁,

关键词： Medulla Oblongata   Febrile Episode   Catastrophe Theory   Vasomotor Tone   Homeothermic Animal  

摘要： Drawing evidence from a variety of cardiovascular studies on the heart rate in homeothermic animals, the author establishes the following thesis. The servocontrol (i.e. the autonomic and reflex control) by the medulla oblongata of the heart (rate) is a negative feedback dynamic which is isomorphic (i.e. ''diffeomorphic'') to the dynamic underlying the heart rate control in those animals (cf. Kuyk, Bull, math. Biol. 46, 81-102, 1984). In fact, unlike in the heat rate case, the qualitative evidence supporting this thesis can not be fully complemented by quantitative data stemming from experiments, because of a lack of pertinent experiments-which, indeed, should measure simultaneously the heart rate state parameter and the four control parameters at the input side of the medulla. The results of some of the existing experiments on animal preparations can nevertheless be adduced to recognize that this dynamic can be graphed by the five-dimensional butterfly catastrophe type. The theory leads to new ways of looking at experiments in the field and/or setting up such experiments in the future.