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关键词： Animals   Egypt   Evolution   Fossils   Galago/anatomy & histology   Galago/classification   Lorisidae/anatomy & histology   Lorisidae/classification   Time Factors   Tooth/anatomy & histology  

摘要： Focuses on the evolution of primates in Egypt. Study of fossils of primates; Assessment of morphological and chromosomal evidences of primates.

摘要： This article describes the microbiology, diagnosis, and management of human and animal bite wound infections. Various organisms can be recovered from bite wounds that generally result from aerobic and anaerobic microbial flora of the oral cavity of the biting animal, rather than the victim's own skin flora. The role of anaerobes in bite wound infections has been increasingly appreciated. Anaerobes were isolated from more than two thirds of human and animal bite wound infections, especially those associated with abscess formation. This article describes several of the organisms found in the bites of various species. In addition to local wound infection, other complications may occur, including lymphangitis, local abscess, septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis. Rare complications include endocarditis, meningitis, brain abscess, and sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Wound management includes the administration of proper local care and the use of proper antimicrobial agents when needed.

关键词： animal model   defensive behavior   fear   anxiety   coping, active   coping, passive   avoidance   marble-burying   shock-prod burying  

摘要： Defensive burying refers to the typical rodent behavior of displacing bedding material with vigorous treading-like movements of their forepaws and shoveling movements of their heads directed towards a variety of noxious stimuli that pose a near and immediate threat, such as a wall-mounted electrified shock-prod. Since its introduction 25 years ago by Pinel and Treit [J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 92 (1978) 708], defensive (shock-prod) burying has been the focus of a considerable amount of research effort delineating the methodology/ethology, psychopharmacology and neurobiology of this robust and species-specific active avoidance or coping response. The present review gives a summary of this research with special reference to the behavioral (face and construct) and pharmacological (predictive) validity of the shock-prod burying test as an animal model for human anxiety. Emphasis is also placed on some recent modifications of the paradigm that may increase its utility and reliability as to individual differences in expressed emotional coping responses and sensitivity to pharmacological treatments. Overall, the behavioral and physiological responses displayed in the shock-prod paradigm are expressions of normal and functionally adaptive coping patterns and the extremes of either active (i.e., burying) or passive (i.e., freezing) forms of responding in this test cannot simply be regarded as inappropriate, maladaptive or pathological. For this reason, the shock-prod paradigm is not an animal model for anxiety disorder or for any other psychiatric disease, but instead possesses a high degree of face and construct validity for normal and functionally adaptive human fear and anxious apprehension. However, the apparent good pharmacological validation (predictive validity) of this test reinforces the view that normal and pathological anxiety involves, at least partly, common neurobiological substrates. Therefore, this paradigm is not only suitable for screening potential anxioly

关键词： 试验   微菌落计数   食品   测定   微生物学   微生物   农产品   定义   微生物分析   饲料  

标准号: BS EN ISO 4833-2003

摘要： This International Standard specifies a horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms, by counting the colonies growing in a solid medium after aerobic incubation at 30 ℃. Subject to the limitations discussed in the introduction, this International Standard is applicable to products intended for human consumption or the feeding of animals. The applicability of this International Standard to the examination of certain fermented food and animal feeding stuffs is limited. For the examination of fermented food and animal feeding stuffs, other media and/or incubation conditions might be more appropriate.

关键词： Map kinase   RAS   histidine   cancer   signal transduction   Nm23   histone   G protein   phosphorylation  

摘要： Intensive investigation of protein tyrosine, serine and threonine phosphorylation has lead to advances in signal transduction research and cancer treatment. This feature summarizes research on mammalian proteins exhibiting histidine phosphorylation. Histidine kinases are well known in prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic systems where they form the 'two-component' signal transduction system. The relative invisibility of histidine phosphorylation in mammalian cells may result from technical obstacles such as its acid lability, which precludes detection in electrophoretic systems, amino acid sequencing, etc. Emerging data have identified mammalian histidine kinases for the kinase suppressor of ras, a scaffold molecule for the Map kinase pathway, as well as histone H4, aldolase C and the beta-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Additional mammalian proteins of interest to signal transduction and cancer research exhibit histidine phosphorylation, including P-selectin, annexin I and the 20S proteasome. Other candidate histidine phosphorylated proteins are identified. These data suggest the existence of another series of phosphorylation patterns in signal transduction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 动物生物学   双语教学   大学   教学方法   教材选用   高校  

摘要： 在动物生物学教学过程中,通过使用多媒体和双语教学手段,总结了在大学低年级专业基础课教学中使用英语进行教学的经验、遇到的问题和解决的措施.

关键词： VX2瘤   转移性肺癌   动物模型   生物学特性  

摘要： 目的　建立兔VX2瘤转移性肺癌动物模型 ,并研究其生物学特性。方法　实验动物为新西兰大白兔 ,瘤种采用动物自身接种传代保存。取预先接种荷瘤兔 1只 ,无菌下摘取瘤组织块 ,用Ⅳ型胶原酶解离释放细胞 ,经细胞培养后制成单细胞悬液 2 4ml(10 8/ml)。 (1)建立动物模型 :实验动物共 2 0只 ,分 2组 ,A组 (14只 )每只兔经耳缘静脉接种 1 5ml单细胞悬液 ,B组 (6只 )每只兔接种0 5ml。第 2 8天行多排螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描 ,扫描后 1周全麻下剖胸取肺观察肿瘤生长情况 ,所有兔均做病理学检查。 (2 )生物学特性研究 :实验动物为新西兰大白兔 (10只 ) ,每只兔经耳缘静脉接种1 5ml单细胞悬液 ,接种后第 14、2 1、2 8天各抽取 1只兔剖胸取肺观察肿瘤生长情况 ,并做组织学检查 ,第 3 2天另外存活兔全麻下取肺组织做病理切片检查 (HE染色 )。结果　 (1)动物模型 :19只兔接种成功 ,另 1只第 2 1天时死于大叶性肺炎 ,接种成功率为 95 %。新鲜大体标本显示肿瘤呈弥漫性分布 ,大小不等 ,呈结节样 ,部分病灶融合 ,表面呈鱼肉样。MSCT扫描示肺内结节清楚 ,并可见肺间质纹理增粗。A组与B组石蜡切片最大结节比较差异具有显著性意义 (t=2 885 ,P <0 0 1)。 (2 )生物学特性研究 :10只兔全部接种成功。大体标本显示肿瘤呈弥漫性分?

关键词： depression   sex differences   neurobiology   sleep  

摘要： This article reviews human and animal studies in the neurobiology of depression. The etiology of the illness, associated neurotransmitter dysregulation, sex steroids, the role of stress, and sleep regulation are discussed. It is suggested that the genesis of depression is related to homeostatic maladaptation that is sexually dimorphic. The authors propose that depressed females are hyperresponsive to stress, whereas depressed males are hyporesponsive to stress. This divergence reflects the exaggeration of naturally occurring differences between males and females, which are most obvious under challenge conditions. The authors conclude that future work in this area should fully evaluate sexual dimorphism, neural plasticity, critical periods, and individual differences in vulnerability.

关键词： Bathyergidae   Heliophobius   life history   postnatal development   reproduction   seasonality of breeding   social behavior   subterranean rodent  

摘要： Aspects of sexual dimorphism, reproduction, postnatal development, and seasonality of breeding in a solitary bathyergid rodent, the silvery mole-rat (Heliophobius argenteocinereus), as based on a field study in Malawi and on a study of animals kept in a laboratory, are reported here for the 1st time. Sex ratio in all animals (n = 173) did not differ from equality. Wild-captured males were heavier (190 +/- 58 g) than females (162 +/- 47 g). Mating took place during the cold and dry season (April-July), and births occurred during the hot and dry season (August-October). Mean gestation length was 95 +/- 8.5 days, and mean litter size was 3.2 +/- 0.9. The altricial neonates weighed 12.8 +/- 2.3 g and opened their eyes about 14 days after birth. Postnatal growth rate was slow with a mean growth constant of 0.01 and a mean maximum growth rate of 0.53 g/day. The reproductive biology of H. argenteocinereus reveals characteristics of both social and solitary bathyergids. Thus, parameters believed so far to be typical of social mole-rats, such as long pregnancy and slow postnatal development, can be found in solitary silvery mole-rats as well, calling for a reevaluation of the role of reproductive biology in shaping social life.

关键词： 饲料   微生物   微生物学   梭菌属   食品料   细菌计数方法   食品   微生物分析   定义   污染   验证  

标准号: NF V08-019-2003