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关键词： 动物生物学   实验教学   改革   教学理念  

摘要： 本文介绍了实验教学理念和改革思路；“动物生物学实验”教学内容的改革，包括组织基本实验、综合性实验和自选性、设计性实验的指导思想和具体做法，科研与实验教学结合的成效；以及研究式、开放式实验教学模式，多元成绩评定方法和教学手段改革情况。

关键词： 酪蛋白磷酸肽   生物学功能   动物营养   应用   生物活性肽   CPPs   分离技术   蛋白酶水解  

摘要： 酪蛋白磷酸肽(CPPs)是由英国科学家在上个世纪五六十年代发现的,我国于上个世纪九十年代初开始研究。随着分离技术的发展,大量小分子的生物活性肽被分离出来,CPPS便是其中之一。CPPs是一种由牛乳蛋白经蛋白酶水解后分离纯化得到的一种含有成簇磷酸丝氨酰基的生物活性肽,已经证明CPPs可作为无机离子的载体促进肠膜对钙、镁、硒、锌等矿物质的吸收与利用,同时在提高机体免疫力、改善繁殖性能等方面也有重要作用。德国和日本已经把CPPs定性为功能性食品。本文就CPPs的结构、生物学功能及作用机理、及其在动物生产上的应用作一综述。1CPPs的结构CPPs有α和β两种构型,分别由αSI-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白水解分离纯化生成,其主要功能区是αS(I-59-79)5P和β(1-25)4P,活性中心是成串的磷酸丝氨酸和谷氨酸簇,其结构可表示为-SerP-SerP-SerP-GLU-GLU-。CPPs分布于αSI-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白等牛乳蛋白的不同区域,所以不同的酶作用于酪蛋白生成的CPPs的分子量不同,其磷酸解离常数也不同。2CPPs的毒性研究酪蛋白磷酸肽可做为一种食品添加剂使用,所以要必要对其毒性和安全性进行检测。谢玮等(2003)...

关键词： 饲料添加剂   反刍动物   生物学   动物饲料   中国农业科学院   单胃动物   应用能力   饲料搭配  

摘要： 反刍动物对粗饲料、其他饲料及饲料添加剂的应用能力与单胃动物不同，新品上市和进行合理的饲料搭配，须对饲料进行生物学综合评定。中国农业科学院饲料研究所长期从事饲料评定工作，在评定技术和手段上具有无可争议的权威地位。

关键词： 激活素   生物学特性   繁殖生理  

摘要： 激活素是一种主要由性腺分泌的二聚体糖蛋白,与抑制素在组成结构和功能上有着密切的复杂关系,两者与卵泡抑素所组成的INH-ACT-卵泡抑素轴系统在动物繁殖生理中占有重要作用。本文就激活素的生物学特性及其在动物繁殖生理中的作用进行综述,为其更深入的研究提供参考。

关键词： carnivores   zoo animals   animal welfare   stereotypy   stereotypic behaviour   comparative methods  

摘要： In captivity, some species often seem to thrive, while others are often prone to breeding problems, poor health, and repetitive stereotypic behaviour. Within carnivores, for instance, the brown bear, American mink and snow leopard typically adapt well to captivity and show few signs of poor welfare, while the clouded leopard and polar bear are generally hard to breed successfully and/or to prevent from performing abnormal behaviour. Understanding the fundamental source of such differences could enable reproductive success and behavioural normalcy to be improved in zoos and breeding centres, by increasing the appropriateness of the enclosure designs and environmental enrichments offered particular species, and by allowing these to be offered pre-emptively instead of reactively. Here, we demonstrate that a significant proportion of the variation in apparent welfare between captive carnivore species stems from specific aspects of natural behaviour. We tested pre-existing hypotheses that species-typical welfare is predicted by natural hunting behaviour, general activity levels, ranging, or territorial patrolling (all activities that are constrained in captivity), by collating data on median stereotypy levels and infant mortality for multiple captive species, and then regressing these against median values for the relevant aspects of natural behavioural biology (e.g. hunts per day, proportion of flesh in the diet, home-range size, etc.). Our results revealed that instead of relating to foraging (e.g. hunting), as often assumed, carnivore stereotypy levels are significantly predicted by natural ranging behaviour (e.g. home-range size and typical daily travel distances). Furthermore, naturally wide-ranging lifestyles also predicted relatively high captive infant mortality rates. These results suggest that enclosure designs and enrichments focussing on carnivores' ranging tendencies (e.g. providing more space, multiple den sites, greater day-to-day environmental variability

关键词： PREDATORY animals   NONFICTION  

摘要： The article reviews the book 'Top Predators in Marine Ecosystems - their Role in Monitoring Management,' edited by Ian Boyd, Sarah Wanless and C. J. Camphuysen.

关键词： mitochondria   mitochondrial DNA   cybrid  

摘要： The past two decades have witnessed an evolving understanding of the mitochondrial genome's (mtDNA) role in basic biology and disease. From the recognition that mutations in mtDNA can be responsible for human disease to recent efforts showing that mtDNA mutations accumulate over time and may be responsible for some phenotypes of aging, the field of mitochondrial genetics has greatly benefited from the creation of cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. In this review, we critically discuss the past two decades of efforts and insights gained from cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. We attempt to reconcile the varied and at times contradictory findings by highlighting the various methodologies employed and using human mtDNA disease as a guide to better understanding of cell and animal mtDNA models. We end with a discussion of scientific and therapeutic challenges and prospects for the future of mtDNA transfection and gene therapy.

关键词： Cdk2/1   Cdk4/6   G1 cell-cycle regulation   pRb  

摘要： The current dogma of G(1) cell-cycle progression relies on growth factor-induced increase of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complex activity to partially inactivate pRb by phosphorylation and to sequester p27(Kip1)-triggering activation of cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes that further inactivate pRb. pRb oscillates between an active, hypophosphorylated form associated with E2F transcription factors in early G(1) phase and an inactive, hyperphosphorylated form in late G(1), S and G(2)/M phases. However, under constant growth factor stimulation, cells show constitutively active cyclin D:Cdk4/6 throughout the cell cycle and thereby exclude cyclin D:Cdk4/6 inactivation of pRb. To address this paradox, we developed a mathematical model of G(1) progression using physiological expression and activity profiles from synchronized cells exposed to constant growth factors and included a metabolically responsive, activating modifier of cyclin E:Cdk2. Our mathematical model accurately simulates G(1) progression, recapitulates observations from targeted gene deletion studies and serves as a foundation for development of therapeutics targeting G(1) cell-cycle progression.

关键词： 小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌   血清型   毒力基因   脉冲场凝胶电泳  

摘要： 目的：了解浙江省部分地区小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的血清型别、毒力基因分布等情况。方法：利用常规细菌分离方法从家禽、家畜和鼠类粪便标本中分离小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌，并进行毒力基因检测，同时对血清型O：3、O：5和O：8的菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳分析。结果：2004～2005年，从全省各点采集的动物标本中共分离到22株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌，分布于11个血清型，并以O：8和O：3为主。PCR检测将分离到的22株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌毒力携带情况分为4型：Ⅰ型（ail^＋、ystA^＋、ystB^-、yadA^＋、virF^＋），Ⅱ型（ail^＋、ystA^＋、ystB^-、yadA^-、virF^-），Ⅲ型（ail^-、ystA^-、ystB^＋、yadA^-、virF^-），Ⅳ型（ail^-、ystA^-、ystB^-、yadA^-、virF^-）。脉冲场凝胶电泳分析，O：3型菌株显示有2种带型，O：5型菌株的带型完全相同，O：8型菌株的带型则存在明显差异。结论：浙江省的从动物分离的小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌以非致病性菌株居多，且存在一定的地区差异。猪是致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的重要携带者，应警惕致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌通过猪感染人和其它动物以及环境的危险。

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