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关键词： LARYNX   MICE as laboratory animals   ANIMAL models in research   HYOID bone   CARTILAGE   MUSCLES  

摘要： Purpose: Animal models have contributed greatly to the study of voice, permitting the examination of laryngeal biology and the testing of surgical, medical, and behavioral interventions. Various models have been used. However, until recently, the mouse (Mus musculus) has not been used in laryngeal research, and features of the mouse larynx have not been defined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively describe mouse laryngeal anatomy in relation to known human anatomy. Methods: Larynges of 7 C57BL mice were examined and photographed under stereotactic and light microscopy. Results: The authors found that mouse laryngeal organization was similar to that of humans. The hyoid bone and epiglottal, thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages were identified. An additional cartilage was present ventrally. Thyroarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, and cricothyroid muscles were grossly positioned as in humans. Interarytenoid muscles were not present;however, a functional counterpart was identified. Conclusions: The authors provide an initial description of mouse laryngeal anatomy. Because of its amenability to genetic engineering, the mouse is the premiere model for the study of disease and the testing of interventions. Introduction of the mouse model for laryngeal study offers a tool for the study of normal laryngeal cell biology and tissue response to disease processes.

关键词： 神经生物学   治病机理   针灸   经络   中枢神经系统   信息传递系统   动植物   神经元   动物体   有机体  

摘要： 经络与针灸的防病治病机理是中西医学领域的千古之谜,也是生物物理研究的世纪难题。大量研究表明,生物界中的有机体对于外界环境的感应。

关键词： Cerastoderma glaucum   Gulf of Gabes   parasites   reproductive cycle   sex ratio   size at maturity  

摘要： The reproductive cycle of the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum from the Gulf of Gabes (southern Tunisia) was studied during a one-year period (January to December 2007). The overall samples presented a balanced sex ratio, with males dominating among smaller individuals and females predominating in larger size classes. Males were found to mature between 12 and 20 mm shell length (SL), whereas females matured between 14 and 21 mm SL. the size at which 50% of the population reached maturity was 15.14 and 16.78 mm SL for males and females, respectively. The seasonal changes assessed through macro- and microscopic properties in the gonads of both sexes indicated a clearly defined annual reproductive cycle. Reproductive activity of C glaucum was greatest from spring to late autumn, with two reproductive peaks (May and November). Gametogenic activity in both sexes was apparently triggered by the rising seawater temperature during spring and summer. These results support previous Findings of latitudinal changes in the reproductive behaviour of C. glaucum. Due to the extensive period of gonadal activity, C. glaucum exhibited a short resting phase that occurred simultaneously in both sexes throughout January and February. Upon inspection for parasitic infections, 15% of C glaucum were found infected by digenean trematode species. The number of specimens showing digenean infestations differed with size class, with a tendency to increase significantly with cockle size.

关键词： 针灸   动物神经进化   经络   植物信息传导机理   植物神经生物学  

摘要： 由于没有明确、独立的解剖结构,经络的生物学本质以及与之直接相关的针灸等防病治病机理仍是中西生物医学研究领域的不解之谜。本文通过分析比较动物神经系统的进化衍变,尤其是近年来逐渐发展成熟的植物信息传导系统,即所谓"植物神经生物学"的研究成果,开拓解读生物界中有机体对于外界环境感应的共同结构基础与信息传递的基本规律。本文开拓性地将生物体信息传导系统分为3个系统(水平):大脑相关高级神经系统(神经水平);没有神经结构但可传递生物电信号和递质的导管相关信息传导系统(导管水平);细胞间以及细胞与环境间的电信号与理化物质传导系统(细胞水平)。本文还提出生物体内的信息及其传导媒介,主要可分为电信号和化学信号2大类型。提出经络相关的信息传导机制为上述3水平、2类型作用的有机整体集成,简称"321集成理论",进而一统解读错综复杂的经络现象的生物学本质。

关键词： 自由基   生物学特性   动物细菌性疾病   动物病毒性疾病   动物寄生虫性疾病  

摘要： 论述了自由基的各种生物学特性及其与动物细菌性、病毒性和寄生虫性疾病的关系。提出了自由基作为有机体内具有较强生物学活性的一类分子或原子,在感染、免疫、细胞损伤、生命衰老和肿瘤的发生中均有特异的表现,且在多种动物疫病的发生过程中扮演了独特的角色。

关键词： 生物学技术   动物健康   标识   衍生   展望   繁殖技术   生物技术   转基因动物  

摘要： 可靠的动物标识方法是追溯体系成功的关键，可用于动物家系、动物健康和食品安全追溯。在繁殖技术多样化和遗传传播模式存在的情况下，生物技术衍生动物（BDAs）及其后代的追踪依然面临很多挑战，一个重要的问题是如何将这些通过传统技术或繁殖技术选育而成的动物与转基因动物进行区分，例如体细胞核转移（SCNT）形成的克隆动物。尽管可选择的动物标识很多，但是不是所有的都可用于生物技术衍生动物的标识，需要将分子学技术和其他物理学标识方法联合起来进行应用。

关键词： 胰腺肿瘤   模型   动物   神经   转移   特性  

摘要： 目的建立人类胰腺癌细胞系MIA PaCa—Ⅱ裸鼠胰腺原位移植瘤模型，观察神经侵袭情况，并研究其生物学特性。方法将MIA PaCa—Ⅱ细胞接种于裸鼠背部皮下和胰腺被膜下，建立皮下和原位移植瘤模型，分别于4、6、8周处死裸鼠行原位移植瘤病理学检查，HE和银染观察神经侵袭情况，对K—ras、C—erbB2、环氧合酶-2（COX-2）、前列腺干细胞抗原（PSCA）、p53、DPC4行SABC免疫组织化学染色。结果皮下移植瘤接种成瘤率为100％（10／10），呈局限性生长，无脏器和神经转移。原位移植4、6、8周时成瘤率均为100％（10／10），神经转移率分别为50％（5／10）、80％（8／10）和60％（6／10），并可见多个脏器转移。MIA PaCa—Ⅱ细胞、皮下及原位移植瘤细胞对K—ras、C—erbB2、COX-2、PSCA呈阳性表达，且高于裸鼠正常胰腺细胞，而p53、DPC4表达则低于正常胰腺组织细胞。结论成功建立神经侵袭原位移植瘤动物模型，研究嗜神经转移以6周为宜。K—ras、C—erbB2、COX-2、PSCA高表达与p53、DPC4低表达可能参与了胰腺癌的发生。

关键词： insulin-like growth factor   nonsuppressible insulin-like activity   insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3  

摘要： Yamada PM, Lee K. Perspectives in mammalian IGFBP-3 biology: local vs. systemic action. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296: C954-C976, 2009. First published March 11, 2009;doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00598.2008.-Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has traditionally been defined by its role as a binding protein and its association with IGF delivery and availability. Development of non-IGF binding IGFBP-3 analogs and the use of cell lines devoid of type 1 IGF receptors (IGF-R) have led to critical advances in the field of IGFBP-3 biology. These studies show that IGFBP-3 has IGF-independent roles in inhibiting cell proliferation in cancer cell lines. Nuclear transcription factor, retinoid X receptor (RXR)-alpha, and IGFBP-3 functionally interact to reduce prostate tumor growth and prostate-specific antigen in vivo. Moreover, IGFBP-3 inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipocytes independent of IGF. The purpose of this review is to highlight IGFBP-3 as a novel effector molecule and not just another "binding protein" by discussing its IGF-independent actions on metabolism and cell growth. Although this review presents studies that assume the role of IGFBP-3 as either an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine molecule, these systems may not exist as distinct entities, justifying the examination of IGFBP-3 in an integrated model. Also, we provide an overview of factors that regulate IGFBP-3 availability, including its production, methylation, and ubiquitination. We conclude with the role of IGFBP-3 in whole body systems and possible future applications of IGFBP-3 in physiology.

关键词： morphology   biology   new species   Pseudopolydora   Brazil  

摘要： Adults of Pseudopolydora rosebelae sp. nov. inhabit silty tubes on muddy bottoms in shallow water in southern Brazil, states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. They are rare and extremely delicate, attaining 20 mm long for 55 chaetigers. The worms are distinctive by their colourful yellow and black pigmentation on the anterior part of body and palps, prominent transverse hood on the dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3, and lack of coloured respiratory pigment in blood. Of 12 examined individuals, all were females. Oogenesis is intraovarian;oocytes develop from chaetigers 14-15 to chaetigers 24-36. Recently laid oocytes were about 150 mu m in diameter, with embryos and developing larvae found in capsules inside female tubes in March-June. Broods comprised up to 23 capsules with 400 propagules. Capsules were joined to each other in a string and each attached by a single thin stalk to the inner wall of the tube. Larvae hatched at the 4-chaetiger stage and fed on plankton. Pelagic larvae are unique among Pseudopolydora in having large ramified mid-dorsal melanophores from chaetiger 3 onwards. Competent larvae are able to settle and metamorphose at the 15-chaetiger stage, but can remain planktonic up to 18 chaetigers. They have one pair of unpigmented ocelli and three pairs of black eyes in the prostomium, unpaired ramified mid-dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 1 and on the pygidium, ramified lateral melanophores on chaetigers 5-10, prominent yellow chromatophores in the prostomium, peristomium, on dorsal and ventral sides of chaetigers and in the pygidium. Branchiae are present on chaetigers 7-10, and gastrotrochs are arranged on chaetigers 3, 5, 7 and 12. Provisional serrated bristles are present in all notopodia, and hooks are present in neuropodia from chaetiger 8 onwards. Two pairs of provisional protonephridia are present in chaetigers 1 and 2, and adult metanephridia are present from chaetiger 4.