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关键词： Animal feed   Chain reactions   Definitions   Food inspection   Food products   Food testing   Investigations   Laboratories   Laboratory testing   Laboratory tests   Microbial foods   Microbiological analysis   Microbiology   Microorganisms   Nucleic acids   Pathogens   PCR   Polymerase   Polymerase chain reaction   Real-time   Specification (approval)   Testing   Verification  

标准号: ISO 22119-2011

摘要： ISO 22119:2010 defines terms for the detection of food-borne pathogens in foodstuffs, and isolates obtained from them, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ISO 22119:2010 specifies requirements for the amplification and detection of nucleic acid sequences (DNA or RNA after reverse transcription) by real-time PCR. The minimum requirements laid down in ISO 22119:2010 provide the basis for comparable and reproducible results within individual and between different laboratories. ISO 22119:2010 is also applicable, for example, to the detection of food-borne pathogens in environmental samples and in animal feeding stuffs.

标准号: DIN EN ISO 16140-2011

关键词： 农产品   饲料   生物测定   生物试验   乳制品分析   乳制品   奶制品   定义   耐久性   定义(术语)   饮食   稀释   稀释法   食品检验   食品   微生物分析   微生物学   牛奶   奶制品   试样制备   悬浮液   试验室   试验   测试   痕量元素分析  

标准号: DIN EN ISO 6887-5-2011

关键词： 宽川铺动物群   Olivooides   动物胚胎学   动物原肠作用   辐射对称躯体构型  

摘要： 在早古生代寒武纪,几乎诞生了动物所有的门类,但是很多古生物学家坚信生命进化最精彩的部分一定是在寒武纪大爆发之前,因此,早寒武世梅树村期宽川铺动物群中立体保存的动物胚胎和后生动物躯体化石提供给我们的生物学信息为我们解译早期动物发育模式的起源与演化提供了独一无二的窗口,也使得验证发育生物学及进化胚胎学的相关假说成为可能。 本研究小组对早寒武世梅树村期宽川铺动物群中微体化石进行了三年多的研究工作,积攒了大量的动物胚胎与成体化石标本。本文主要以宽川铺动物群中的胚胎化石为材料,从现代发育生物学和比较胚胎学的角度,探索后生动物起源与演化相关问题,并尝试验证发育生物学的部分经典假说。研究内容主要包括：从宽川铺动物群中动物卵裂方式与陡山沱期动物卵裂方式的对比来探讨动物卵裂方式的起源与演化；从宽川铺动物群中胚胎的原肠作用方式来探讨动物原肠作用的起源与演化；宽川铺动物群中辐射对称动物新材料及其属性问题；基于现有的动物胚胎和成体化石材料,探讨发育生物学关于动物发育方式起源(直接发育与间接发育)和后生动物起源等问题。 1.动物卵裂方式的起源与演化 卵裂是以各种动物特有的方式,由受精卵反复分裂为许多细胞而实现的,由于卵黄含量的差异,动物会产生不同的卵裂方式。本文在前人对陡山沱期和梅树村期动物胚胎化石的研究基础上,结合最近在宽川铺动物群中发现的材料,从发育生物学和胚胎学的角度对早期动物胚胎的卵裂形式进行分析,得出了与发育生物学在动物卵裂方式演化方面较一致的推测：动物最原始的卵裂方式应当是以陡山沱期胚胎为代表的螺旋均等卵裂,这种卵裂方式是均等和无极轴的,动物卵裂方式的极性主要是在后来以梅树村期胚胎化石为代表的早寒武世出现和增强的,尤其是出现了卵黄分布极度不均的盘状卵裂。 2.动物原肠作用方式的起源与演化 所有多细胞动物的卵裂时期都要被一个发育时期所代替,在这个时期内由杂乱的或紧密排列的细胞团(分裂球)产生了最初的上皮组织—原始的皮层。这种原始的胚胎组织继续发育形成两种上皮层,其外层称为外胚层,而内层称为内胚层。形成内外胚层的过程,合称为原肠形成过程。原肠形成过程结束了动物胚胎发育的卵裂时期并且说明了向器官发生阶段的过渡。根据原肠胚形成的不同方式主要可以把原肠作用分为这样几类：分层、内移、内陷、外包、内转等。本文利用多种处理技术对在陕西宁强下寒武统灯影组宽川铺段产出的多枚原肠胚化石进行了分析处理,得到了胚胎化石外部形态和内部结构信息,并结合现代发育生物学和胚胎学知识,充分将其与现生动物原肠胚进行了对比。此外,我们还将元古宙晚期胚胎化石与寒武纪早期的胚胎化石进行了对比,认为早寒武世梅树村期是动物首先出现原肠胚的时期。在讨论部分我们分析了原肠作用的出现在动物演化过程中的意义：原肠胚的出现意味着动物由单胚层到两胚层的演化,口和肠的出现大大提高了动物的新陈代谢水平,造成了在寒武纪底部地层中发现的梅树村期两胚层动物辐射事件。最后,我们基于现有的化石材料讨论了原肠作用方式演化的问题。目前的胚胎化石证据较支持Wolpert (1992)的观点,即不同的原肠作用表现的原因仅在于胚胎本身卵黄分布的含量和均匀程度不同,而对于动物的发育和演化上可能并不具有重要的意义。 3.宽川铺动物群中的两胚层动物 两胚层动物的发育过程中只出现两个胚层—内胚层和外胚层,并且以其躯体的辐射对称构型区别于更高等的三胚层动物(两侧对称动物)。在寒武纪梅树村期地层中有过不少关于腔肠动物的报道(Steiner et al.,2004; Chen et al.,2007; Han et al.,2010)。我们对在陕南早寒武世梅树村期宽川铺段上部产出的一些新材料的外部形态进行了细致的观察,并利用Micro-CT等技术获得了化石内部结构信息,揭示了宽川铺动物群中两胚层动物为主体的性质。此外,在利用Micro-CT技术对Punctatus的重新研究中发现Punctatus具有短窄的原肠并保留有较大的囊胚腔,这种原始的形态在现生动物中找不到可对比的类型,但却与发育生物学推测的原始类型(Wolpert,1992)较为相似,因此它可能代表了最早的两胚层动物。 4.直接发育与间接发育的问题 间接发育理论认为,早期动物个体发育过程经历一个与动物成年个体形态不同的幼虫阶段,动物是间接发育起源的,而动物的直接发育是在演化过程中后来形成的。起初是出现囊胚状幼虫(多种原始腔肠动物中),以后就出现了比较复杂的幼虫—实质幼虫或实囊幼虫；在个别情况下自由幼虫型又会被非幼虫型所代替(施密特,1956)。在低等多细胞动物当中(海绵动物和腔肠动物),原始发育类型是自由幼虫型,即间接发育类型。然而,在早寒武世梅树村期发现的胚胎化石则指示早期动物是直接发育的,并不像现生大多

标准号: EN ISO 22119-2011

摘要： Rodent models of immune-mediated arthritis (RMIA) are the conventional approach to evaluating mechanisms of inflammatory joint disease and the comparative efficacy of antiarthritic agents. Rat adjuvant-induced (AIA), collagen-induced (CIA), and streptococcal cell wall-induced (SCW) arthritides are preferred models of the joint pathology that occurs in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Lesions of AIA are most severe and consistent;structural and immunological changes of CIA best resemble RA. Lesion extent and severity in RMIA depends on experimental methodology (inciting agent, adjuvant, etc.) and individual physiologic parameters (age, genetics, hormonal status, etc.). The effectiveness of antiarthritic molecules varies with the agent, therapeutic regimen, and choice of RMIA. All RMIA are driven by overactivity of proinflammatory pathways, but the dominant molecules differ among the models. Hence, as with the human clinical experience, the efficacy of various antiarthritic molecules differs among RMIA, especially when the agent is a specific cytokine inhibitor.

关键词： all-female species   dioecism   gender and sexuality politics   knowledge production in biology   parthenogenesis   rotifers   thinking with nonhuman animals  

摘要： This paper looks at the role nonhuman animals play in how we think about sex, gender, and sexuality in zoology and in society. In examining the history of ideas regarding a microscopic invertebrate species-rotifers-the paper explores how humans have projected aspects of their lives onto nonhuman animals and how they have extrapolated from nonhuman animals to human society. The paper emphasizes the intersections between knowledge about nonhuman animals and gender and sexuality politics.

摘要： Obesity is an epidemic problem in the world and is associated with several health problems, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory failure, muscle weakness, and cancer. The precise molecular mechanisms by which obesity induces these health problems are not yet clear. To better understand the pathomechanisms of human disease, good animal models are essential. In this paper, we will analyze animal models of obesity and their use in the research of obesity-associated human health conditions and diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

标准号: DIN EN ISO 22118-2011

摘要： This International Standard specifies minimum requirements of performance characteristics for the detection of nucleic acid sequences (DNA or RNA) by molecular methods.

关键词： Biomass   Community-based management   Cooperative harvesting   Invertebrate fisheries   Spatial aggregation  

摘要： Fisheries scientists and managers often face the challenge of elucidating the spatial patterns in distribution and life history traits of exploited resources and to match the scales of biology, management and governance. This spatial and multi-scale complexity is inversely related to the species mobility and thus particularly important for sedentary invertebrates. A combination of model-based approaches, a meta-analysis through systematic literature review, and simulation testing was applied to different invertebrate resources to tackle four issues specific of these fisheries: (1) determine the environmental processes responsible for spatial aggregation; (2) characterize the spatial structure in biomass aimed at designing spatially-explicit management tools; (3) reveal local ecological and social characteristics of fisheries needed for a successful community-based management and governance; and (4) explore potential benefits of fine-scale spatial cooperative harvesting. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were able to depict non-linear relationships between environmental variables and the distribution and biometrics of the Patagonian scallops. Whereas physiological tolerance to temperature appeared to the driver for the range boundary of this species, food availability was a key explanatory factor of the spatial variations in scallop abundance. The spatial structure in biomass, proportion of females and molting deep-sea red crabs was estimated by using likelihood-based geostatistics. These findings are relevant to determine the potential effect of climate change in both species' distribution and productivity, to manage them at the appropriate scale, and to develop spatially explicit management measures. Fine-scale spatially structured resources also pose a critical challenge to centralized top-down fisheries management and governance. Thus, community-based co-management has been suggested as a complementary approach. Regression trees were used to identify the most im