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关键词： Tetracyclines   Penicillins   Antibiotics   Animals   Diseases   Resistance  

摘要： We review and analyze regulatory categories for longer duration of use (defined as >= 7 day) tetracyclines (TCs) and penicillins (PNs) approved for U.S. livestock and poultry, together with scientific studies, surveillance programs and risk assessments pertaining to antimicrobial resistance. Indications listed on a government database were grouped into three broad categories according to the terminology used to describe their use: disease control (C), treatment (T) and growth improvement (G). Consistent with mostly therapeutic uses, the majority (86%) of listed indications had C and/or T terms. Several studies showed interruption of early disease stages in animals and modulation of intestinal microflora. Longer-duration exposures are consistent with bacteriostatic modes of action, where adequate exposure time as well as concentration is needed for sufficient antimicrobial activity. Other effects identified included reduced animal pathogen prevalence, toxin formation, inflammation, environmental impacts, improved animal health, reproductive measures, nutrient utilization, and others. Several animal studies have shown a limited, dose-proportionate, selective increase in resistance prevalence among commensal animal bacteria following longer-duration exposures. Pathogen surveillance programs showed overall stable or declining resistance trends among sentinel bacteria. Quantitative, microbiologically detailed resistance risk assessments indicate small probabilities of human treatment failure due to resistance under current conditions. Evaluations of longer-duration uses of TCs, PNs, and other antimicrobial classes used in food-producing animals should consider mechanisms of activity, known individual- and population-level health and waste reduction effects in addition to resistance risks. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 实验室试验   动物   试验   实验室   微生物学   微生物   监测  

标准号: GB 14922.2-2011

摘要： GB 14922的本部分规定了实验动物微生物学等级及监测。 本部分适用于豚鼠、地鼠、兔、犬和猴；清洁级及以上小鼠、大鼠。

关键词： 动物生物学实验   教学改革   创新能力  

摘要： 通过分析"动物生物学实验"教学改革的必要性及重要性,在课程改革不断深入的情况下,就动物生物学实验教学的教学内容、课外实践、教学方法、考核方式等方面的改革进行了探讨,以促进提高教学效果,提高学生创新能力和团队精神.

关键词： Aggression/physiology   Behavior/physiology   Disease models   animal   Impulsive behavior/psychology   Serotonin   Suicide  

摘要： Animal models are formidable tools to investigate the etiology, the course and the potential treatment of an illness. No convincing animal model of suicide has been produced to date, and despite the intensive study of thousands of animal species naturalists have not identified suicide in nonhuman species in field situations. When modeling suicidal behavior in the animal, the greatest challenge is reproducing the role of will and intention in suicide mechanics. To overcome this limitation, current investigations on animals focus on every single step leading to suicide in humans. The most promising endophenotypes worth investigating in animals are the cortisol social-stress response and the aggression/impulsivity trait, involving the serotonergic system. Astroglia, neurotrophic factors and neurotrophins are implied in suicide, too. The prevention of suicide rests on the identification and treatment of every element increasing the risk. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 实验动物科学   比较医学   上海   动物实验技术   实验动物医学   科学工作   动物生物学   学术刊物  

摘要： 本刊系实验动物科技领域的专业性学术刊物，兼顾普及与提高，刊登实验动物和比较医学领域的研究论文，内容主要包括人类疾病动物模型、动物实验技术、动物生物学、实验动物医学、实验动物技术与管理和其他文章（文献综述、经验交流、榆测报告、病例报告、简报、动态与书评等），报道实验动物硬科学工作和实验动物软科学工作的各方新进展和各种信息。

关键词： 芦荟多糖   生物学功能   动物生产   应用  

摘要： 芦荟多糖(aloe polysaccharide,AP)是从百合科多年生肉质草本植物芦荟中分离提取出来的,它具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、护肝养胃等生物学功能,并可作为饲料添加剂用于动物生产。文章旨在综述芦荟多糖的生物学功能及其使用效果,为其在动物生产上的广泛应用提供综合性的理论依据。

关键词： 兔舌癌   高淋巴结转移   细胞系   大动物模型  

摘要： 目的:建立一个具有高淋巴结转移潜能兔舌癌动物模型RSCC-1a。为达到更方便,更有效地认识舌癌发生、发展规律,研究诊治、防范措施打基础。方法:本文将兔舌癌细胞系(RSCC-1)接种在兔舌侧缘,选择成瘤后转移淋巴结,采用"淋巴结体内纯化技术",即"兔舌癌转移淋巴结—接种同种异体兔皮下扩散—接种到兔舌粘膜下—颈部淋巴结转移",从而建立高淋巴结转移潜能的兔舌癌模型,通过HE染色、免疫组化等方法鉴定其生物学特性。结果:沿着"兔舌癌转移的淋巴结-接种同种异体兔皮下扩散-接种到兔舌黏膜下-颈部淋巴结转移"的顺序,反复6次,使第六次兔舌癌的颈部淋巴结转移率达到60%,总淋巴结转移率达到33.3%。从而建立了高淋巴结转移潜能的兔舌癌动物模型。结论:RSCC-1a弥补过去鼠类动物模型因体积小及无免疫力、无淋巴结转移的缺陷,为舌癌淋巴结转移研究搭建一个新的技术平台。

关键词： 钙离子螯合剂   白血病   细胞凋亡   H2S  

摘要： 目的 观察钙离子螯合剂对白血病患者骨髓单个核细胞（BMMNC）生成硫化氢（H2S）的影响.方法 采用BAPTA-AM和EGTA螯合细胞内外的钙离子,用敏感硫电极检测细胞外硫离子,计算出H2S含量的变化;免疫组化方法和图像分析系统检测bcl-2,bax的表达变化.结果 BAPTA-AM和EGTA各实验组与对照组比较,H2S生成量均明显降低（P〈0.05）.免疫组化结果显示,bcl-2和bax均表达于细胞浆和胞膜上.图像分析光密度值（OD值）,BAPTA-AM和EGTA各实验组bcl-2蛋白表达与对照组比较,12h,24h和48h均高于对照组（P〈0.05）.bax蛋白的表达在BAPTA-AM和EGTA各实验组与对照组相比,12h,24h和48h均低于对照组（P〈0.05）.结论 细胞内外钙离子螯合剂均能减少白血病患者BMMNC生成H2S,H2S生成降低在较短时间内可能抑制细胞凋亡,促进细胞增殖.

关键词： ONTOGENY   EMBRYOLOGY   DEVELOPMENTAL biology   INVERTEBRATES   FISHES  

摘要： The article offers information on the importance of early ontogenesis of fish. It states that ontogenesis of fish is vital for analysis of problems of developmental biology. It mentions the importance of investigations of early stages of individual development of invertebrates for understanding the diversity of different types of ontogenesis. Information about the VIIIth International Conference on Early Ontogenesis of Fish and Commercial Invertebrates is also presented.

关键词： NEURAL stem cells   CYTOLOGY   VERTEBRATES   INVERTEBRATES   CELL division (Biology)   CELL differentiation  

摘要： Many of the regulatory mechanisms controlling neural stem cell behavior are proving to be conserved between organisms as diverse as worms and man. Common principles are emerging with respect to the regulation of neural stem cell division and the specification of distinct stem and progenitor cell types. Great progress has been made in recent years in identifying the cellular mechanisms underpinning these processes, thanks in large part to the cross-fertilization of research on different model systems. We review here recent findings that highlight hitherto unappreciated similarities in the cell and molecular biology of neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation between invertebrates and vertebrates. As well as underscoring the possible conservation of stem cell mechanisms across phyla, these similarities are proving to be practically useful in studying neural stem cell biology in health and disease.