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关键词： 动物生物学   实验教学改革   研究设计性实验  

摘要： 动物生物学实验教学是实践教学的重要组成部分,是生命科学专业本科教学的重要内容,其目的是培养学生的综合实验技能。为了贯彻教育部关于注重学生创新精神和实践能力培养的精神,该文对动物生物学实验教学中开设研究设计性实验的必要性、具体操作程序与效果以及存在问题和解决办法进行了探讨。

关键词： 动物学：生物学   实验   高等学校   教学参考资料  

ISBN: (纸本)7562335108

摘要： 本书分为基础性实验与探索研究型实验两部分。基础性实验为动物界各主要门类代表动物的外形与内部结构的实验观察。为配合研究型实验的教学，本书在付给教材的基础上强化了水螅与涡虫的实验。探索研究型实验针对中国动物学研究的缺项，根据编著者多年的教学实践经验，整理出水螅、涡虫及其他微型动物研究的系列技术。为便于初学者开展研究，本书首次整理了开展水螅、涡虫分类学研究必的系列入门数据，以期初学者通过研究型实验的实训，其动手能力与创新能力获得一不定期提升。本书编写通俗易懂，内容新颖，编排设置合理，适用于高等校生命科学类实验。

关键词： Climate change   integrated pest management   plant breeding   Ribes glossularia   Ribes hirtellum   Ribes nigrum   Ribes petraeum   Ribes sativum   semiochemicals   soft fruit  

摘要： 1 Approximately 10-12 species of Ribes plants are cultivated for fruit production, mainly blackcurrants, red-and whitecurrants and gooseberries. These crops are increasingly recognized as rich sources of vitamin C and anthocyanins, with production rising by 24% in Europe subsequent to 1998. To date, research into insect pests of Ribes has been fragmented, with little appreciation of how changes in climate and agronomic practices affect biology. 2 We review 12 key pests of currant and gooseberry crops in Northern Europe, with specific emphasis on their biology and current management options. These are blackcurrant leaf curling midge Dasineura tetensi, blackcurrant sawfly Nematus olfaciens, common gooseberry sawfly Nematus ribesii, European permanent currant aphid Aphis schneideri, redcurrant blister aphid Cryptomyzus ribis, currant-sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae, European gooseberry aphid Aphis grossulariae, woolly vine scale Pulvinaria vitis, common green capsid Lygocoris pabulinus, winter moth Operophtera brumata, clear wing moth Synanthedon tipuliformis and blackcurrant gall mite Cecidophyopsis ribis. 3 It is anticipated that global climate change could lead to increases in the incidence of some aphids through increased overwintering survival and longer seasonal activity. Moreover, changes in management practices such as increased cropping densities (from 5400 ha(-1) to 8700 ha(-1)) and machine harvesting could lead to pest outbreaks through optimal microhabitats and increased susceptibility to pest colonization. 4 Future management options are considered, focusing on integrated pest management approaches, including behaviour-manipulating semiochemicals, predictive models, biocontrol and improved plant resistance through breeding.

关键词： 中链脂肪酸   代谢特点   生物学功能   动物生产   应用  

摘要： 中链脂肪酸(medium-chain fatty acids,MCFAs)具有一些有别于长链脂肪酸(long-chain fatty acids,LCFAs)的代谢特点。它具有一些特殊的生物学功能,可以降低脂肪沉积、改善胰岛素敏感性、调节能量代谢,同时还具有抑菌效果。本文综述了MCFAs的代谢特点、生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用。

关键词： gustation   bitter   TAS2R   G protein-coupled receptor   taste bud  

摘要： Bitter taste prevents mammals from ingesting food potentially contaminated with bitter-tasting toxins, which are frequent and structurally diverse. It is mediated by a family of heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors, called taste 2 receptors or TAS2Rs or T2Rs. The number of TAS2R genes differs greatly across mammalian species, suggesting that some species depend less than others on the protective effect of TAS2Rs. TAS2Rs are glycosylated to become substrates for chaperones required for them to complete biosynthesis and cell surface expression. TAS2Rs recognize several to many bitter compounds, a property that accounts for our ability to detect the numerous bitter substances. Although TAS2Rs oligomerize, heteromers apparently do not increase the number of detectable bitter substances. A small molecule antagonist that inhibits bitter taste in vivo blocks several TAS2Rs in vitro, thereby sharing the property with bitter agonists to interact with several receptors. TAS2Rs possess only one binding pocket, in which they accommodate their ligands by contacting different but overlapping sets of amino acids in the upper parts of transmembrane segments 2-7. Pronounced genetic variability has been observed for human TAS2R genes, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations and indels, which determine functionally different receptor variants and influence subjects' sensitivity for the bitterness of specific compounds. However, whether differences in taste sensitivity influence preferences in nutrition remains elusive and is only indirectly supported. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： Molecular biology   Genomics   Squamate   Viviparity   Next-generation sequencing  

摘要： Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) offer a unique model system for testing hypotheses about the evolutionary transition from oviparity (egg-laying) to viviparity (live-bearing) in amniote vertebrates. The evolution of squamate viviparity has occurred remarkably frequently (> 108 times) and has resulted in major changes in reproductive physiology. Such frequent changes in reproductive strategy pose two questions: (1) what are the molecular mechanisms responsible for the evolution of squamate viviparity? (2) Are these molecular mechanisms the same for separate origins of viviparity? Molecular approaches, such as RT-PCR, in situ hybridisation, Western blotting and immunofluorescence, have been invaluable for identifying genes and proteins that are involved in squamate placental development, materno-foetal immunotolerance, placental transport, placental angiogenesis, hormone synthesis and hormone receptor expression. However, the candidate-gene or -protein approach that has been used until now does not allow for de novo gene/protein discovery;results to date suggest that the reproductive physiologies of mammals and squamate reptiles are very similar, but this conclusion may simply be due to a limited capacity to study the subset of genes and proteins that are unique to reptiles. Progress has also been slowed by the lack of appropriate molecular and genomic resources for squamate reptiles. The advent of next-generation sequencing provides a relatively inexpensive way to conduct rapid high-throughput sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes. We discuss the potential use of next-generation sequencing technologies to analyse differences in gene expression between oviparous and viviparous squamates, provide important sequence information for reptiles, and generate testable hypotheses for the evolution of viviparity.

关键词： Behaviour   Conservation   Non-invasive   Olfaction   Scent   Welfare  

摘要： The relevance of chemical communication to mammalian conservation is not often the focus of scientific investigation. Our review identifies and discusses ten key areas in which the study of chemical communication aids conservation behaviour. Articles (n = 140) were revealed, most were concerned with population monitoring (22.50%), reducing human-wildlife conflicts (18.93), influencing habitat selection (18.57%). increasing welfare of captive animals (12.86%), encouraging captive breeding (12.86%), reducing predation (5.71%), and increasing the success of release programmes (5.00%). Few articles (<4%) were found relating olfactory studies to health status of wild populations, reducing hybridization or as indication of pollution. A growing number of articles are addressing how olfactory studies may aid conservation, but more rigorous experimental testing and manipulations are required. The vast majority of studies linking olfaction with conservation involved the population monitoring of wild carnivores. We suggest that animal behavioural studies and manipulations of chemical communication can have significant impacts on conservation in these areas, which should be further developed to generate practical applications. Areas of future study include chemical communication of aquatic mammalian species, the transfer of olfactory cues under water, and the identification of genetic markers that may link 'personality' with olfactory responses. Linking olfactory studies to fitness, either on an individual or population scale, particularly in a wider ecological context is more likely to increase conservation value. Animal translocations and reintroduction programmes may offer a means to do this and could be an important area to direct future studies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： gene: expression   bone morphogenetic protein: BMP   signaling   Wnt protein: signaling   tissue regeneration   body plan regionalization   tissue identity specification   body axes   tissue regeneration   Planarians   Specifications   personal identity   tissue repair   Adults   Regeneration  

摘要： Planarians are flatworms that constitutively maintain adult tissues through cell turnover and can regenerate entire organisms from tiny body fragments. In addition to requiring new cells (from neoblasts), these feats require mechanisms that specify tissue identity in the adult. Crucial roles for Wnt and BMP signaling in the regeneration and maintenance of the body axes have been uncovered, among other regulatory factors. Available data indicate that genes involved in positional identity regulation at key embryonic stages in other animals display persisting regionalized expression in adult planarians. These expression patterns suggest that a constitutively active gene expression map exists for the maintenance of the planarian body. Planarians thus present a fertile ground for the identification of factors regulating the regionalization of the metazoan body plan and for the study of the attributes of these factors that can lead to the maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues.

关键词： genotype   phenotype   communication activity   grand opportunity   organismal animal biology   grand research challenge   bioscience community  

摘要： The Biology Directorate at the National Science Foundation (NSF) has requested that organismal biologists develop a vision and articulate the grand research challenges that will drive the future of organismal biology and the large-scale community-wide efforts that would be needed to address those challenges. Over the past decade, organismal animal biologists have been slow to develop community-wide initiatives relative to other bioscience communities (e.g., molecular biologists, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and plant biologists).

关键词： systems biology   mathematical modeling   animal traits  

摘要： Systems biology is a rapidly expanding field of research and is applied in a number of biological disciplines. In animal sciences, omics approaches are increasingly used, yielding vast amounts of data, but systems biology approaches to extract understanding from these data of biological processes and animal traits are not yet frequently used. This paper aims to explain what systems biology is and which areas of animal sciences could benefit from systems biology approaches. Systems biology aims to understand whole biological systems working as a unit, rather than investigating their individual components. Therefore, systems biology can be considered a holistic approach, as opposed to reductionism. The recently developed 'omics' technologies enable biological sciences to characterize the molecular components of life with ever increasing speed, yielding vast amounts of data. However, biological functions do not follow from the simple addition of the properties of system components, but rather arise from the dynamic interactions of these components. Systems biology combines statistics, bioinformatics and mathematical modeling to integrate and analyze large amounts of data in order to extract a better understanding of the biology from these huge data sets and to predict the behavior of biological systems. A 'system' approach and mathematical modeling in biological sciences are not new in itself, as they were used in biochemistry, physiology and genetics long before the name systems biology was coined. However, the present combination of mass biological data and of computational and modeling tools is unprecedented and truly represents a major paradigm shift in biology. Significant advances have been made using systems biology approaches, especially in the field of bacterial and eukaryotic cells and in human medicine. Similarly, progress is being made with 'system approaches' in animal sciences, providing exciting opportunities to predict and modulate animal traits.