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关键词： 维医   阳痿   病证   黏液质   生殖生物学   动物模型  

摘要： 维吾尔医学(维医)对阳痿有独特的诊疗优势。体液论是维医诊疗的理论核心,而异常体液分型是辩证施治的基础,但其生殖生物学基础研究尚处于空白,制约着其诊疗的标准化和现代化。本项目组在以往研究中,以维医体液论为指导,异常粘液质型阳痿为对象,"证候表征模型"为造模理念,从病因、生物表征、慢性过程等模拟出异常黏液质型阳痿病证大鼠模型,但

标准号: EN ISO 6887-4-2011

关键词： 节肢动物群落   紫花苜蓿   苜蓿籽蜂   生物学   生态学  

摘要： 苜蓿是我国栽培面积最大的牧草,新疆是我国苜蓿种植主产区之一。随着苜蓿的种植面积越来越大,对苜蓿种子的需求也与日俱增。由于种植结构单一,虫害频频发生,而对苜蓿节肢动物群落的研究主要以草田的居多,对苜蓿种子田节肢动物群落方面的系统研究报道较少。本文从苜蓿种子田播种后第1年开始调查,连续2年对苜蓿种子田节肢动物群落进行了系统的调查,并对主要害虫苜蓿籽蜂的生物学、生态学进行了研究,以期为今后苜蓿种子田害虫的发生及防治提供理论依据。 对呼图壁生态站苜蓿种子田进行系统调查,共发现节肢动物12目58科256种,其中包括天敌昆虫8目21科,害虫7目27科。本文运用多项群落多样性指标研究了苜蓿种子田节肢动物群落的时序动态,结果表明种子田节肢动物群落的物种多样性与苜蓿的物候期及田间管理等情况有关,并受环境条件和气候的影响较大。且2010年群落各多样性指标等均高于2011年,说明2011年在田间施用化学农药对群落的稳定性产生影响。 对苜蓿籽蜂生物学特性的研究发现,苜蓿籽蜂在新疆呼图壁地区1年可发生3代,可以各龄幼虫在苜蓿种子内滞育越冬,其中3龄幼虫约占60%、2龄幼虫约占30%。籽蜂越冬代成虫的寿命高于第1、2代成虫寿命,雌雄性比平均为1.33：1。不同温度对籽蜂越冬幼虫的发育及存活有影响,2010年10月从田间将苜蓿种子收回,当平均储存温度(10月-12月)达到18.0℃、平均湿度为27.2%以上时,当年12月底越冬幼虫即可发育,化蛹率为3.85%,且幼虫死亡率较低,仅为28%；当平均存储温度(10月-次年2月)在9.9℃以下,平均湿度为40.1%以上时,次年2月籽蜂越冬幼虫才开始发育,化蛹率为5%,幼虫死亡率较高,可达34%。无论储存温度高低,籽蜂均在6月中旬停止羽化。 通过测定籽蜂幼虫头壳的宽度值,确定了籽蜂幼虫共有4个龄期,籽蜂各龄幼虫头壳宽度均值(y)与龄数(x)的回归方程为：y=0.0886x+0.0879,r=0.9983,为显著线性相关。且籽蜂幼虫在田间呈负二项分布。 田间调查发现,5月下旬、6月初田间开始出现越冬代籽蜂成虫,7月初出现第1代成蜂,第2代成蜂8月初开始出现,至9月中旬籽蜂成虫全部消失。籽蜂在田间日活动高峰时间为中午12：00,00：00降至每天最低。籽蜂日羽化高峰时间为中午12：00,晚上22：00-00：00羽化数仅占总羽化数的0.84%。 籽蜂选择9日龄以后的苜蓿种荚进行产卵,多集中于11-14日龄种荚,从13日龄的种荚开始出现1龄幼虫,15日龄以后开始出现2龄幼虫,3龄幼虫大多集中在20-23日龄种荚内,4龄幼虫大多集中在22-26日龄种荚；从22日龄种荚内开始出现蛹,成虫羽化出现在25日龄至43日龄种荚内。 采用不同温度和不同时间梯度处理苜蓿种子,结果发现在50℃、-30℃条件下处理1天,籽蜂幼虫的死亡率达100%,苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率分别为81.00%、93.33%和68.33%、88.33%。

关键词： Dicyphinae   Aleyrodidae   predation   biological control   vegetable crops  

摘要： The predator Tupiocoris cucurbitaceus is frequently found attacking Trialeurodes vaporariorum in greenhouses without pesticide applications in Argentina. The objective of these studies was to evaluate some biological characteristics of this species fed on three types of diet (whitefly nymphs, Sitotroga cerealella eggs and a mix of both) and on two host plants (tomato and tobacco), under controlled experimental conditions. Preimaginal developmental time for female and male bugs was shorter in the presence of whiteflies than with only moth eggs. Females lived longer when they ate only whitefly nymphs compared to a mixed diet or only moth eggs. The amount of adult descendants was greater when bugs could eat whiteflies, regardless of the presence of S. cerealella. Embryonic development time, male longevity and sex proportion were not affected by the diet or the host plant. Prey consumption was evaluated for three T. cucurbitaceus life history stages (fourth/fifth instar nymphs, female and male adults) on two types of prey (whitefly nymphs and S. cerealella eggs). On tomato, females were more voracious than males and nymphs. On tobacco, adults and nymphs consumed more S. cerealella than T. vaporariorum nymphs, but again, bug females preyed more than males and nymphs. Results demonstrate that T. cucurbitaceus can survive, develop and reproduce normally using both T. vaporariorum and S. cerealella eggs as prey on tobacco or tomato plants. This information can be useful for managing this predator against T. vaporariorum through conservative or augmentative biological control strategies.

关键词： 医疗器械   生物学   医学   医疗设备   动物  

标准号: GB/T 16886.2-2011

摘要： GB/T 16886的本部分适用于委托、设计和进行试验或评价动物试验数据,以对医疗器械用材料或器械生物相容性进行评价的过程。本部分规定了最基本的要求,以通过所制定的相应规定来确保评价医疗器械材料生物相容性动物试验所用动物的福利,并形成文件。 本部分还给出了建议和指南,以利于进一步减少动物总体数量、优化试验方法以减轻或消除动物的疼痛或痛苦,以及采用其他不需要动物试验的科学有效的方法来替代动物试验。 本部分适用于除人类外的活体脊椎动物试验,该类试验用于确定材料或医疗器械的生物相容性。 本部分不适用于在无脊椎动物以及其他分化程度较低的动物体上进行的试验,也不适用于在实施人道方式处死的脊椎动物分离组织和器官上进行的试验(除了动物种属、来源、健康状况、饲养与管理规定方面)。

关键词： Animals   Birds/anatomy & histology   Birds/physiology   Body Size/physiology   Body Weight/physiology   Clutch Size/physiology   Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology   Dinosaurs/physiology   Litter Size/physiology   Mammals/anatomy & histology   Mammals/physiology   Models, Anatomic   Reproduction/physiology   Statistics as Topic   Survival Analysis  

摘要： Janis and Carrano (1992) suggested that large dinosaurs might have faced a lower risk of extinction under ecological changes than similar-sized mammals because large dinosaurs had a higher potential reproductive output than similar-sized mammals (JC hypothesis). First, we tested the assumption underlying the JC hypothesis. We therefore analysed the potential reproductive output (reflected in clutch/ litter size and annual offspring number) of extant terrestrial mammals and birds (as "dinosaur analogs") and of extinct dinosaurs. With the exception of rodents, the differences in the reproductive output of similar-sized birds and mammals proposed by Janis and Carrano (1992) existed even at the level of single orders. Fossil dinosaur clutches were larger than litters of similar-sized mammals, and dinosaur clutch sizes were comparable to those of similar-sized birds. Because the extinction risk of extant species often correlates with a low reproductive output, the latter difference suggests a lower risk of population extinction in dinosaurs than in mammals. Second, we present a very simple, mathematical model that demonstrates the advantage of a high reproductive output underlying the JC hypothesis. It predicts that a species with a high reproductive output that usually faces very high juvenile mortalities will benefit more strongly in terms of population size from reduced juvenile mortalities (e.g., resulting from a stochastic reduction in population size) than a species with a low reproductive output that usually comprises low juvenile mortalities. Based on our results, we suggest that reproductive strategy could have contributed to the evolution of the exceptional gigantism seen in dinosaurs that does not exist in extant terrestrial mammals. Large dinosaurs, e.g., the sauropods, may have easily sustained populations of very large-bodied species over evolutionary time.

关键词： dose response   transmission   Campylobacter jejuni  

摘要： Dose-response experiments characterize the relationship between infectious agents and their hosts. These experiments are routinely used to estimate the minimum effective infectious dose for an infectious agent, which is most commonly characterized by the dose at which 50 per cent of challenged hosts become infected-the ID50. In turn, the ID50 is often used to compare between different agents and quantify the effect of treatment regimes. The statistical analysis of dose-response data typically makes the assumption that hosts within a given dose group are independent. For social animals, in particular avian species, hosts are routinely housed together in groups during experimental studies. For experiments with non-infectious agents, this poses no practical or theoretical problems. However, transmission of infectious agents between co-housed animals will modify the observed dose-response relationship with implications for the estimation of the ID50 and the comparison between different agents and treatments. We derive a simple correction to the likelihood for standard dose-response models that allows us to estimate dose-response and transmission parameters simultaneously. We use this model to show that: transmission between co-housed animals reduces the apparent value of the ID50 and increases the variability between replicates leading to a distinctive all-or-nothing response;in terms of the total number of animals used, individual housing is always the most efficient experimental design for ascertaining dose-response relationships;estimates of transmission from previously published experimental data for Campylobacter spp. in chickens suggest that considerable transmission occurred, greatly increasing the uncertainty in the estimates of dose-response parameters reported in the literature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that accounting for transmission in the analysis of dose-response data for Campylobacter spp. challenges our current understanding of the differing response

关键词： MAMMALS   NONFICTION  

摘要： The article reviews the book 'The Biology of Small Mammals,' by Joseph F. Merritt.

关键词： PBL   传统讲授法   动物生物学  

摘要： 探讨基于问题学习PBL结合传统讲授法LBL在普通本科院校"动物生物学"教学中的应用效果。PBL结合LBL的班级作为实验班,单纯采用LBL的班级为对照班,对两个班级的期末试卷及相应采用PBL 4章节的成绩进行比较,同时以问卷调查方式考查受试学生对PBL教学方法的评价。结果表明:实验班无论是在试卷平均成绩还是在4章节的平均成绩上均高于对照班,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);问卷调查结果也显示学生普遍认可PBL教学方法。PBL结合LBL在"动物生物学"教学中应用效果良好,能明显提高该学科的教学质量。

关键词： 实验动物科学   比较医学   上海   动物实验技术   实验动物医学   科学工作   动物生物学   学术刊物  

摘要： 本刊系实验动物科技领域的专业性学术刊物，兼顾普及与提高，刊臀实验动物和比较医学领域的研究论文，内容主要包括人类疾病动物模型、动物实验技术、动物生物学、实验动物医学、实验动物技术与管理和其他文章（文献综述、经验交流、检测报告、病例报告、简报、动态与书评等），报道实验动物硬科学工作和实验动物软科学工作的各方新进展和各种信息。