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关键词： Adaptation, Biological   Animals   Biological Evolution   Conservation of Natural Resources/methods   Ecology   Environment   Genotype   Information Storage and Retrieval/methods   Mammals   Metagenomics/methods   Selection, Genetic  

摘要： The article discusses the highlights of the 'Genetics and Genomics in Wildlife Studies: Implications for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology' meeting, which was held in Seville, Spain on October 20 and 21, 2011. The event discussed various issues concerning genetics and genomics, including comparative and adaptation genomics, cost-effective genotyping and the next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies.

关键词： Larval development   life history   oocytes   polychaeta   reproduction  

摘要： Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841 (Annelida, Onuphidae) is an important economic natural resource in Ria de Aveiro (northwestern coast of Portugal) and throughout Europe. The species is intensively harvested for use as fresh bait. However, there is only limited knowledge about its life cycle derived from a previous study in Mediterranean Sea. Reproduction and development patterns are known to vary biogeographically, making it important to base management decisions on locally appropriate information. This work examines reproduction patterns for populations from the Eastern Atlantic, which have not previously been assessed, with an eye towards drawing Atlantic-Mediterranean comparisons and informing local management strategies. The study was conducted from May 2007 to April 2009 in Ria de Aveiro. The reproductive biology of D. neapolitana was described from the proportional variation of worms with gametes in the coelom and from the progression of the oocyte diameter. Individuals with gametes inside the coelom were found all year round, but the peak reproductive period occurred between May and August, when almost all individuals had gametes in the coelom and females contained more oocytes than at any other time of the year. The overall male: female ratio was close to 1:1 and the oocyte diameter ranged from 40 to 240 mu m. In vitro fertilization was performed and the results compared to other studies. Based on the present results, some protection measures are suggested to implement a sustainable exploitation of the species.

关键词： Sex allocation   Plant-insect interactions   Araceae   Flower evolution   Reproductive strategy  

摘要： The size-advantage model (SAM) explains the temporal variation of energetic investment on reproductive structures (i.e. male and female gametes and reproductive organs) in long-lived hermaphroditic plants and animals. It proposes that an increase in the resources available to an organism induces a higher relative investment on the most energetically costly sexual structures. In plants, pollination interactions are known to play an important role in the evolution of floral features. Because the SAM directly concerns flower characters, pollinators are expected to have a strong influence on the application of the model. This hypothesis, however, has never been tested. Here, we investigate whether the identity and diversity of pollinators can be used as a proxy to predict the application of the SAM in exclusive zoophilous plants. We present a new approach to unravel the dynamics of the model and test it on several widespread Arum (Araceae) species. By identifying the species composition, abundance and spatial variation of arthropods trapped in inflorescences, we show that some species (i.e. A. cylindraceum and A. italicum) display a generalist reproductive strategy, relying on the exploitation of a low number of dipterans, in contrast to the pattern seen in the specialist A. maculatum (pollinated specifically by two fly species only). Based on the model presented here, the application of the SAM is predicted for the first two and not expected in the latter species, those predictions being further confirmed by allometric measures. We here demonstrate that while an increase in the female zone occurs in larger inflorescences of generalist species, this does not happen in species demonstrating specific pollinators. This is the first time that this theory is both proposed and empirically tested in zoophilous plants. Its overall biological importance is discussed through its application in other non-Arum systems.

关键词： 分子生物学   动物营养   应用  

摘要： 分子营养学的主要研究内容是筛选和鉴定机体对营养素作出应答反应的基因,明确受饲料调节基因的功能,鉴定与营养相关疾病有关的基因,利用营养素修饰基因表达或基因结构,基因多态性对营养素需求量的影响。文章从分子营养学的概念和在动物营养中的应用着手,重点综述了营养对基因表达调控的方式及途径。

关键词： 动物微生物学   实践性教学   改革  

摘要： 分析了《动物微生物学》实践性教学存在问题,并针对存在的问题采取了相应的改革措施,取得了良好的教学效果。

关键词： 壳寡糖   动物生产   生物学功能  

摘要： 本文就壳寡糖(COS)的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用研究作一综述。

关键词： 甲壳动物   精子   形态结构   活力   体外保存  

摘要： 甲壳动物精子生物学的研究对于甲壳动物的人工繁育及遗传育种等工作有重要意义。本文归纳了甲壳动物精子生物学的最新研究进展,包括精子的形态结构、发生、活力、体外保存及顶体反应等方面,并对该领域今后的研究方向提出了展望。

关键词： 动物行为   神经生物学   田鼠   绿头鸭   空间学习   单半球睡眠  

摘要： 近年来动物行为学家从神经生物学的角度研究了普通田鼠的空间学习能力和定向能力,发现雄性田鼠的巢域比雌鼠大,因而比雌鼠有更强的空间定向和导航能力,而且发现多配偶制田鼠雄性个体的脑海马比雌性个体大,而单配偶制田鼠两性个体的脑海马大小没有差异。此外,大脑的颅内皮质和前额皮质对田鼠的空间学习过程也起着重要作用。睡眠是动物行为的一种表现,绿头鸭在睡眠时是睁一只眼闭一只眼,实际上是半个脑在睡眠,半个脑保持清醒状态。这种单半球的睡眠方式能使动物在睡眠中对捕食者作出快速反应。对于一些海洋哺乳动物来说,这种睡眠方式则能使动物在睡眠时游到水面进行呼吸换气。动物行为学家已经能够利用脑电图和测脑温技术对动物在睡眠期间的脑动态进行分析,这不仅对动物行为本身的研究开辟了新的前景,而且也揭示了前所未知的大脑活动。

关键词： 卫气营血辨证   生物学参数   特征性指标群   动物模型   动物实验   兔  

摘要： 目的:建立中医卫气营血辨证动物模型生物学参数数据化表达库,并筛选其特征性指标群,构建具有指纹意义的模型身份证。方法:30只新西兰兔随机分为正常组(6只)和模型组(取2、6、12、24h又分为卫分、气分、营分、血分组各6只),模型各组采用耳缘静脉推注内毒素(LPS)建立卫气营血辨证动物模型,正常组注射等量生理盐水,观察动物外观形态活动变化并测定体温。注射LPS2、6、12、24h后分别处死动物,检测肺部通透性指数(LP)I,腹主动脉采血检测心、肝、肾功能血生化及外周血白细胞计数分类,ELISA法和考马斯亮蓝法分别测定血清及BALF液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、蛋白含量,光镜下观察肺组织病理变化,并将观察指标与肺损伤病理评分做相关性分析。结果:与正常组比较,模型组卫分、气分、营分时体温、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、AST/ALT、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、尿素(Urea)、肌酐(C)r、血清TNF-α均有显著升高或者呈升高的趋势,AST/ALT、LDH、CK、Cr、血清TNF-α在血分阶段反而降低,但差异无显著性意义;外周血中性粒细胞显著增多,淋巴细胞呈增多趋势,LPI呈进行性升高趋势,其中血分证明显升高,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);卫分、气分、营分、血分组肺损伤病理评分,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05),体温、ALT、CK、LPI指标与肺损伤病理评分呈显著正相关,其他指标与肺损伤病理评分均无明显相关性;AST、AST/ALT、LDH、CK、Urea、Cr、BALF液中TNF-α、外周血白细胞计数分类指标的营分组与气分组比较,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:兔耳缘静脉输注内毒素所建立的温病卫气营血辨证肺损伤模型,其生物学参数数据化表达库中体温、ALT、CK、LPI可以作为区分卫分证、气分证、营分证和血分证的指标,具有模型指纹识别意义。

关键词： Zooplankton   copepods   sensory perception   escape behavior  

摘要： Copepods are important grazers on microplankton in marine food webs and are, in turn, preyed upon by a wide range of predators with diverse feeding adaptations. Although copepods have evolved numerous adaptations to help them avoid predation, their escape behavior sets them apart from many other planktonic organisms. Mechanoreception is widely used by copepods to detect hydrodynamic disturbances created by approaching predators. When these disturbances are detected, copepods respond quickly with escape jumps that can accelerate them from a stationary position to speeds of over 600 body lengths per second within a few milliseconds. Myelinated nerves may improve the escape behavior of some copepods through faster conduction of nerve impulses. The differences in response latencies between myelinate and amyelinate copepod species are greatest in larger copepod species, where nerve signals must be conducted over longer distances. Environmental variability such as turbulence may affect the ability of both prey to detect predators and predators to capture their planktonic prey. Small amounts of turbulence favor the predator, while too much turbulence reduces predation. Understanding the sensory physiology of copepods and their behavioral adaptations for avoiding predation will increase knowledge of the factors affecting the structure and function of marine pelagic food webs.