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关键词： Developmental Biology   Vertebrates   Genes   Informatics   Evolutionary   Fishes   Skeletons   Phenotype   Zebrafish  

摘要： The rich phenotypic diversity that characterizes the vertebrate skeleton results from evolutionary changes in regulation of genes that drive development. Although relatively little is known about the genes that underlie the skeletal variation among fish species, significant knowledge of genetics and development is available for zebrafish. Because developmental processes are highly conserved, this knowledge can be leveraged for understanding the evolution of skeletal diversity. We developed the Phenoscape Knowledgebase (KB;) to yield testable hypotheses of candidate genes involved in skeletal evolution. We developed a community anatomy ontology for fishes and ontology-based methods to represent complex free-text character descriptions of species in a computable format. With these tools, we populated the KB with comparative morphological data from the literature on over 2500 teleost fishes (mainly Ostariophysi) resulting in over 500,000 taxon phenotype annotations. The KB integrates these data with similarly structured phenotype data from zebrafish genes (). Using ontology-based reasoning, candidate genes can be inferred for the phenotypes that vary across taxa, thereby uniting genetic and phenotypic data to formulate evo-devo hypotheses. The morphological data in the KB can be browsed, sorted, and aggregated in ways that provide unprecedented possibilities for data mining and discovery.

关键词： Adaptations of vertebrates   Zoo   Knowledge   Non-formal learning   Peer-tutoring  

摘要： The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of a zoo visit in terms of learning and retention of knowledge concerning the adaptations and behavior of vertebrate species. Basis of the work was the concept of implementing zoo visits as an out-of-school setting for formal, curriculum based learning. Our theoretical framework centers on the self-determination theory, therefore, we used a group-based, hands-on learning environment. To address this questions, we used a treatment-control design (BACI) with different treatments and a control group. Pre-, post- and retention tests were applied. All treatments led to a substantial increase of learning and retention knowledge compared to the control group. Immediately after the zoo visit, the zoo-guide tour provided the highest scores, while after a delay of 6 weeks, the learner-centered environment combined with a teacher-guided summarizing scored best. We suggest incorporating the zoo as an out-of-school environment into formal school learning, and we propose different methods to improve learning in zoo settings.

关键词： 哺乳动物   味蕾   受体   信号转导  

摘要： 味觉对于生命具有重要作用，在一定程度上决定了动物对食物的选择。哺乳动物味觉识别主要依赖于舌味蕾中的味细胞，味蕾由50～100个极化的神经上皮细胞聚集而成。通过对味蕾细胞的分析显示，味蕾是一种精巧的单元结构。这篇文章综述了味蕾细胞的形态、结构功能、细胞生物学活性以及味觉信息的传导。

关键词： EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA   CELL lines  

摘要： This paper reports the identification of thousands of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules in mouse tissues and in mouse and human cell lines. These small 200–400 bp 'microDNAs' map to unique sequences in the genome; these are mostly located in the 5′ untranslated region of genes and in exons and CpG islands.

关键词： ENDOTHELIUM -- Physiology   ANTIRHEUMATIC agents   APOPTOSIS   CELL physiology   CONFERENCES & conventions   ENZYMES   GENE expression   GENETIC polymorphisms   INFLAMMATION   RHEUMATISM   DRUGS -- Physiological effect  

摘要： Background:Cardiovascular disease is a major comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a leading cause of death. Chronic systemic inflammation involving tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) could contribute to endothelial activation and atherogenesis. A number of anti-TNF therapies are in current use for the treatment of RA, including certolizumab pegol (CZP), (Cimzia ®; UCB, Belgium). Anti-TNF therapy has been associated with reduced clinical cardiovascular disease risk and ameliorated vascular function in RA patients. However, the specific effects of TNF inhibitors on endothelial cell function are largely unknown. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underpinning CZP effects on TNF-activated human endothelial ***:Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) were cultured in vitro and exposed to a) TNF alone, b) TNF plus CZP, or c) neither agent. Microarray analysis was used to examine the transcriptional profile of cells treated for 6 hrs and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysed gene expression at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hrs. NF-κB localization and IκB degradation were investigated using immunocytochemistry, high content analysis and western blotting. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect microparticle release from ***:Transcriptional profiling revealed that while TNF alone had strong effects on endothelial gene expression, TNF and CZP in combination produced a global gene expression pattern similar to untreated control. The two most highly up-regulated genes in response to TNF treatment were adhesion molecules E-selectin and VCAM-1 (q < 0.00005). This was supported by qPCR analysis at 6 hrs (E-selectin and VCAM-1; 208.5 fold and 40.5, respectively above control) and also at 1, 3 and 24 hrs (E-selectin; 25.6, 93.5, 12.7 fold, respectively) (VCAM-1; 4.7, 47.2, 17.6 fold) (n = 3; p < 0.05). In contrast, HAoECs treated with TNF in combination with CZP exhibited control levels of E-selectin and VCAM-1 transcript (p > 0.2 compared to con

关键词： Feeding behavior   Comparative genomic hybridization   Convergent evolution   Phylogenomics   Ant   Termite  

摘要： The objective was to apply a novel modification of a genome-wide, comparative cytogenetic technique (comparative genomic hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)), to study species belonging to the myrmecophagous (ant/termite eating) mammalian orders/superorders (Pholidota, Tubulidentata, Carnivora, and Xenarthra), as a model for other applications in mammalian systematics and conservation biology. In this study, CGH was applied to high-quality metaphase spreads of pangolin (Pholidota), using probes of sloth and canine (Xenarthra and Carnivora, respectively) genomic DNA labeled with different fluorophores, thereby facilitating analysis of the visible color spectrum on pangolin karyotypes. Our results posited that pholidotes are closer to carnivores than to xenarthrans, which confirmed the current consensus that myrmecophagy in these mammalian lineages was more likely because of homoplasy (convergent evolution) than being an ancestral character. Since the modified CGH technique used is genome-wide, has chromosome-level resolution, and does not need full genome sequencing, it has considerable potential in systematics and other fields. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pet   Companions   animal population   Animals, Exotic   animal science   Dairy science  

摘要： Information about the Companion Animal Symposium titled 'Living Beyond 20: Discoveries in Geriatric Companion Animal Biology' held July 10-14, 2011 at the Joint Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science and the American Dairy Science Association in New Orleans, Louisiana is presented. It explored topics such as companion and exotic animals, animal populations, and animal longevity. It featured some animal scientists including George Fahey Jr., Karen Overall, and Bertrand Lussier.

关键词： Transcriptomics   Strongylid nematodes   Bioinformatics   Vaccine targets   Drug candidates   Ancylostoma-secreted proteins   Genomics   Next-generation sequencing  

摘要： The advent and integration of high-throughput 'omic technologies (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) are becoming instrumental to assist fundamental explorations of the systems biology of organisms. In particular, these technologies now provide unique opportunities for global, molecular investigations of parasites. For example, studies of the transcriptomes (all transcripts in an organism, tissue or cell) of different species and/or developmental stages of parasitic nematodes provide insights into aspects of gene expression, regulation and function, which is a major step to understanding their biology. The purpose of this article was to review salient aspects of the systematics and biology of selected species of parasitic nematodes (particularly key species of the order Strongylida) of socio-economic importance, to describe conventional and advanced sequencing technologies and bioinformatic tools for large-scale investigations of the transcriptomes of these parasites and to highlight the prospects and implications of these explorations for developing novel methods of parasite intervention. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 畜牧兽医专业   动物微生物学实验   学习兴趣   有效途径  

摘要： 针对高职畜牧兽医专业学生在动物微生物学实验过程中,因缺乏积极性而存在的不重视预习、实验态度不端正等现象,笔者在教学实践中做了一些积极尝试,如强化课前准备、改进教学方法和教学手段、开放实验室、组织技能竞赛、评教结合等相关措施,有效调动了学生对动物微生物学实验课程的学习兴趣。