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关键词： telomere   mammals   telomerase   telomere replication   TERRA   ALT   complex shelterin   replicative senescence   mechanisms of telomere maintenance  

摘要： The review considers the function of the important chromosome regions telomeres in normal and immortal cells. Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protecting them from degradation and end-to-end fusion. The functional state of telomeres depends on many interrelated parameters such as telomerase activity, the status of the telomere safety complex shelterin, and telomere-associated proteins (replication, recombination, DNA break repair factors, etc.). Special attention is paid to the mechanisms that control the telomere length in normal and immortal cells as well as in cells containing or lacking active telomerase. The features attributed to an alternative telomere length control are analyzed, in particular, in view of a recently discovered additional mechanism of telomere shortening by t-cycle trimming. The possibility of expressing both telomerase-dependent and recombinational pathways of telomere length control in normal mammalian cells is considered, as well as the role of shelterin proteins in choosing one of them to be dominant. The review additionally discusses the role of telomeres in the spatial organization of the nucleus during mitosis and meiosis and specific telomere organizations in mammals, including Iberian shrews with their unusual or rare chromosome structures.

关键词： Mammals   Transponders   Torpor   Thermal physiology  

摘要： Remote measurements of body temperature (T-b) in animals require implantation of relatively large temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters or data loggers, whereas rectal temperature (T-rec) measurements require handling and therefore may bias the results. We investigated whether similar to 0.1 g temperature-sensitive subcutaneously implanted transponders can be reliably used to quantify thermal biology and torpor use in small mammals. We examined (i) the precision of transponder readings as a function of temperature and (ii) whether subcutaneous transponders can be used to remotely record subcutaneous temperature (T-sub). Five adult male dunnarts (Sminthopsis macroura, body mass 24 g) were implanted with subcutaneous transponders to determine T-sub as a function of time and ambient temperature (T-a), and in comparison to thermocouple readings of T-rec. Transponder temperature was highly correlated with water bath temperature (r(2) = 0.96-0.99) over a range of approximately 10.0-40.0 degrees C. Transponders provided reliable data (+/- 0.6 degrees C) over the T-sub of 21.4-36.9 degrees C and could be read from a distance of up to 5 cm. Below 21.4 degrees C, accuracy was reduced to +/- 2.8 degrees C, but individual transponder accuracy varied. Consequently, small subcutaneous transponders are useful to remotely quantify thermal physiology and torpor patterns without having to disturb the animal and disrupt torpor. Even at T-sub <21.4 degrees C where the accuracy of the temperature readings was reduced, transponders do provide reliable data on whether and when torpor is used. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： RNA -- Analysis   RNA-protein interactions   CELL proliferation   HELA cells   MESSENGER RNA   KINASES  

摘要： RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) determine RNA fate from synthesis to decay. Employing two complementary protocols for covalent UV crosslinking of RBPs to RNA, we describe a systematic, unbiased, and comprehensive approach, termed "interactome capture,'' to define the mRNA interactome of proliferating human HeLa cells. We identify 860 proteins that qualify as RBPs by biochemical and statistical criteria, adding more than 300 RBPs to those previously known and shedding light on RBPs in disease, RNA-binding enzymes of intermediary metabolism, RNA-binding kinases, and RNA-binding architectures. Unexpectedly, we find that many proteins of the HeLa mRNA interactome are highly intrinsically disordered and enriched in short repetitive amino acid motifs. Interactome capture is broadly applicable to study mRNA interactome composition and dynamics in varied biological settings.

关键词： Ethanol   Binge   DID   C57BL/6J  

摘要： Binge alcohol (ethanol) drinking is a destructive pattern of ethanol consumption that may precipitate ethanol dependence-a chronic, debilitating, and prevalent health problem. While an abundance of research has focused on the neurochemical underpinnings of ethanol dependence, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying the heavy consumption characteristic of binge ethanol drinking. Recently, a simple preclinical model termed "drinking in the dark" (DID) was developed to examine binge-like ethanol consumption in a rodent population. This assay capitalizes on the predisposition of C57BL/6J mice to voluntarily consume substantial quantities of a high concentration (20% v/v) ethanol solution, resulting in pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent literature utilizing this model to investigate the neuromodulatory systems that may influence binge ethanol drinking. Studies examining the glutamatergic and opioidergic systems not only provide evidence for these systems in the modulation of binge-like ethanol consumption, but also suggest this preclinical model has predictive validity and may be an appropriate tool for screening novel pharmacological compounds aimed at treating binge ethanol drinking in the human population. Additionally, this review presents evidence for the involvement of the GABAergic, dopaminergic, nicotinic, and endocannabinoid systems in modulating binge-like ethanol consumption. Finally, recent evidence shows that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and ghrelin are also implicated as impacting this pattern of ethanol consumption. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 动物生物学   实践教学   探究讨论式   教学模式  

摘要： 应时代要求,高师动物生物学实践性教学的探究讨论式教学法的展开势在必行。文章对动物生物学实施践探究讨论式教学模式的宏观时代背景、高师构建动物生物学实施实践探究讨论式教学模式的可行性、高师动物生物学实践探究讨论式教学模式的特点、高师动物生物学实施实践探究讨论式教学构建的模式、高师动物生物学实施实践探究讨论式教学模式的体会等五方面进行了探讨。

关键词： 实验动物科学   比较医学   上海   动物实验技术   实验动物医学   动物生物学   学术刊物   科技领域  

摘要： 本刊系实验动物科技领域的专业性学术刊物，兼顾普及与提高，刊登实验动物和比较医学领域的研究论文，内容主要包括人类疾病动物模型、动物实验技术、动物生物学、实验动物医学、实验动物技术与管理和其他文章（文献综述、经验交流、检测报告、病例报告、简报、动态与书评等），

关键词： 茶皂素   结构   生物学作用   动物生产  

摘要： 本文综述了茶皂素结构、生物学作用以及其在动物生产中的应用情况,并展望了茶皂素在其他领域的研究与应用。

关键词： 《动物生物学》   双语教学   策略  

摘要： 对"动物科学"、"林学"、"生物科学"和"生物技术"专业从事《动物生物学》七年的双语教学实践表明,对地方农业高校本科生的专业基础课和专业课宜采用"混合型"双语教学模式。根据学生的英语水平安排不同的教学层次,教材、课件以及课堂讲授及互动过程中英语的比重,视不同教学层次而区别对待。授课内容的量和难度以及英语和互动占课堂教学的比重,由少到多、由浅入深,循序渐进。依不同专业对课程学习的目的意义,教学内容的安排视专业培养要求而有所侧重和取舍。教师讲课时两眼时刻对视学生,时刻提问,激发学生的英语表达欲望。通过有效的教学互动,学生由"听众"成长为"演员",师生在课堂上同场"演戏"。使用实效性强的自编教材,自编教材保留优秀原版教材的主体结构和基本内容,难度适中,篇幅适当,匹配教学大纲和教案,放在网络课堂上供学生随时阅读。

关键词： 动物营养   家畜生理学   畜禽营养   营养生理   瘤胃微生物   饲料添加剂   瘤胃代谢   生物活性肽   生理作用   胃肠道微生物  

摘要： 科学技术是生产力概念逐步成为共识,而生产力的发展则是促进科技进步的最积极因素。改革开放以来,国家经济迅猛发展,人民生活水平不断提高,对奶、肉、蛋畜产品需求日益增加。传统的动物营养学和家畜生理学均难以胜任作为畜牧科学的支柱。

关键词： 分子生物学   动物营养   应用  

摘要： 分子营养学的主要研究内容是筛选和鉴定机体对营养素作出应答反应的基因,明确受饲料调节基因的功能,鉴定与营养相关疾病有关的基因,利用营养素修饰基因表达或基因结构,基因多态性对营养素需求量的影响。文章从分子营养学的概念和在动物营养中的应用着手,重点综述了营养对基因表达调控的方式及途径。