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关键词： 纳米山药多糖   合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂   菌群密度   肠黏膜   SEM  

摘要： 目的研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔的生物学效应和机制。方法用盐酸林可霉素造成微生态失调白兔模型,不同时间点取盲肠内容物,采用标本菌落计数法,对治疗前后各组动物菌群数量进行检测,扫描电镜观察各组肠黏膜变化。结果各组治疗后,双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌数量及肠黏膜恢复情况,制剂组优于阳性对照组及自然恢复组。结论纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔有显著调节作用。

关键词： Pycnogonida   Mediterranean Sea   foregut   midgut   feeding biology   carnivory   detritivory   digestive process  

摘要： The digestive system of sea spiders (Pycnogonida) presents peculiarities that have not been discussed in the context of their ecology or feeding behaviour. We investigated the digestive system of two Mediterranean species, a carnivorous species Ammothella longipes and a detritivorous Endeis spinosa, with special focus on its correlation with behavioural feeding habits. The midgut and hindgut sections did not present significant differences between the two species, but major differences were observed in the foregut, reflecting concordance to their diet and their feeding behaviour. Jaws, setose lips, the structure of the pharyngeal filter and musculature of the proboscis are the main differential elements when comparing feeding habits of A. longipes and E. spinosa. These elements are responsible for the reduction of the food pulp down to subcellular size. The digestion process observed in the species studied agrees with that observed in other pycnogonid lineages, but differs from most marine arthropods mainly because of the absence of midgut gland cells and the presence of a unique multifunctional type of midgut epithelial cell. Epithelial digestive cells are present in a small 'resting' form during starvation periods. During digestion, secretion granules possibly containing zymogen move to their apical border to be secreted to the midgut lumen, secondary lysosomes are formed and intracellular digestion occurs within them. Residual bodies are formed within the epithelial cell and released to the midgut lumen to be transported towards the hindgut. The characteristics of the digestive process of the pycnogonids studied seem to reflect a plesiomorphic state in arthropods.

关键词： Baseline condition   Cladocera   Ecological state   Eutrophication   Paleolimnology   Trophic state  

摘要： Zooplankton are potentially powerful proxies for the assessments of biologic integrity. The paleolimnological perspective and use of fossil Cladocera also provide the means to reconstruct reference conditions and natural long-term community dynamics. Unfortunately, the use of zooplankton in lake quality assessments is currently underexploited. We studied a surface sediment dataset of 41 lakes in Finland to examine the relationship between Cladocera remains and environmental variables. Of the examined environmental variables, total phosphorus availability was found to be the most important variable in explaining the Cladocera community composition. Following the tests on species environment relations, we selected a lake trophic typology as the most suitable environmental variable for developing a new tool for limnoecological quality assessments. A test of the model on a modern and historic sample from a eutrophied lake showed that the test lake has proceeded from "mesotrophic/poor" to "eutrophic/bad" limnoecological state in agreement with previous independent evidence. The model developed here showed favorable performance that can be used to provide reliable estimates of ecological and environmental state of lakes.

关键词： 饲料   动物产品   动物   细菌纲   生物试验   定义   饮食   稀释剂   消毒剂   食品   说明书   仪器   调查   微生物分析   微生物学   微生物   人员   生产   样本制备   样品   抽样方法   规范(验收)   验证  

标准号: BS EN ISO 13307-2013

关键词： 浮游动物   底栖生物   生物学指数   污染特征  

摘要： 采用浮游动物、底栖动物污染生物学指数方法分析大莲湖水源地不同区域的污染状况,结合水质指标分析不同生物学指数对水体污染的评价效果,运用成分分析法综合分析大莲湖水源地的污染特点。结果显示,夏秋季节大莲湖水源地不同区域的浮游动物Shannon Wiener指数(H1)为0.3～1.8,Margalef多样性指数(D)为1.0～10.4;底栖动物Shannon Wiener指数(H2)为0.81～1.26,Goodnight指数(G)为0.30～0.88,均显示呈污染状态,对应水质指标和相关性分析结果,采用浮游动物Margalef多样性指数(D)和底栖动物的Goodnight修订指数(G)可以更好的反应水体污染状态。综合主成分分析结果,大莲湖水源地不同区域的污染程度依次为水森林>内河>池塘>外河>湖区,表明大莲湖水源地的湖区有一定的水质净化涵养作用,水源地的污染主要来自内部有机物淤积和池塘养殖,应采取地形塑造、底泥疏浚、水网沟通、控制池塘养殖等修复措施。

关键词： 大型底栖无脊椎动物   生物学评价   水质   河道   上海  

摘要： 2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了大型底栖无脊椎动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位(种)。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体大型底栖生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。

关键词： "进化生物学"   暑期班   通知   生命科学   基因组学  

摘要： 中国科学院昆明动物研究所遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室将于2013年8月9日-18日举办＂进化生物学＂暑期班。暑期班期间将邀请本领域著名专家学者进行进化生物学专题讲座并邀请本所专家介绍本领域研究前沿进展,组织学员开展经典论文的报告和辩论,促进学员间的学习交流,引导和培养学生思考生物学问题的正确方法,还将组织学生参观遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室、昆明动物博物馆等。

关键词： 生理学实验   动物生理学   竞赛试题   解剖学   奥林匹克   生物学   大脑皮层   国际  

摘要： 动物生理学和解剖学任务l大鼠大脑皮层对皮肤刺激的反应。（25分）检测大脑工作原理的这项测试有4部分：一个背景部分是关于电生理学实验如何进行的，有3个实验部分。需要回答15个问题——通过分析电脑屏幕上提供的数据。[编者说明：考试现场笔记本电脑的主页图片告知电生理实验室所用的工具和设备。并要求按图片上的操作按钮进行信息浏览．根据相关要求进行操作、解答，这里提供的试题资料仅供参考。]初级体感（S1）皮层接收来自特殊体表区域的触觉信息。在人类的脑中这些特殊的接收区域，大鼠S1的类似体征表现将在这些实验中产生出来。

关键词： Aliens   science fiction   animals   taxonomy   evolution  

摘要： Creatures from science fiction and fantasy can be used to illustrate key concepts and principles in biology. This article describes a project for a university-level general zoology course wherein the students classify, down to at least the phylum level, "animals" from the Alien Species Wiki (2013). This is an online database of creatures from television, film, literature, and games. The primary challenges that the students faced were overly fantastical hybridizations and assigning reality-based classification mechanisms to fictional beings, but the project is a useful exercise in creativity, knowledge of diagnostic characteristics, and the wonder of discovery of new, previously unexplainable physio-morphologies.

关键词： 第21届国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛试题   实验1·植物和动物系统学   植物材料   进化树  

摘要： 任务1．用简约法重建6种植物的系统发生树。该任务包含4个部分。（25分）