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关键词： crustacean   spermatozoa   morphological structure   spermatogenesis   viability   preservation in vitro   acrosome reaction  

摘要： The biological characteristics of crustacean spermatozoa is important for the artificial reproduction and genetic breeding. With reference to the latest studies and related materials, this paper reviewed the research progress in the biological characteristics of crustacean spermatozoa, such as morphological structure of sperm, spermatogenesis, sperm viability, preservation in vitro and acrosome reaction et al. The prospects of the research field have also been anticipated.

关键词： 壳聚糖   反刍动物   生物学作用  

摘要： 综述了壳聚糖作为绿色饲料添加剂,对反刍动物生产性能、营养物质消化率、抑菌作用、血液生化指标、免疫和抗氧化功能、瘤胃发酵等方面的生物学作用,为其在反刍动物生产中的研究和应用提供参考。

关键词： CELLS -- Mechanical properties   ENDOCRINE system   MOLLUSKS  

摘要： An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various articles within the issue on topics including endocrine system, phylum Mollusca and cellular and molecular mechanisms.

关键词： animal experiment   Cephalopoda   Fostering   Invertebrata   Biological Science Disciplines   Themes  

摘要： Issue Title: Including Special Issue: Cephalopod Biology under the auspices of CephRes-ONLUS (pp. 1-44)

关键词： RECOMBINANT proteins   GLYCOPROTEINS   GENE expression   STRUCTURAL analysis (Science)   X-ray microscopy   MAGNETIC resonance microscopy   CELL receptors  

摘要： Mammalian cells are rapidly becoming the system of choice for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for structural biology applications. Their use has enabled the structural investigation of a whole new set of targets including large, multi-domain and highly glycosylated eukaryotic cell surface receptors and their supra-molecular assemblies. We summarize the technical advances that have been made in mammalian expression technology and highlight some of the structural insights that have been obtained using these methods. Looking forward, it is clear that mammalian cell expression will provide exciting and unique opportunities for an integrative approach to the structural study of proteins, especially of human origin and medically relevant, by bridging the gap between the purified state. and the cellular context.

关键词： Mollusca   Spermatophore   Spermatangia   Spermatozoa   Cryopreservation   Flow cytometly  

摘要： Cephalopod culture is expected to increase in the near future and sperm cryopreservation would be a valuable tool to guarantee sperm availability throughout the year and to improve artificial insemination programs. We have studied the tolerance of spermatophores from the oceanic squid Illex coindetii to several cryoprotectants, in two toxicity experiments and a cryopreservation test. Five permeating cryoprotectants were tested: Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), methanol, glycerol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. In the first experiment, spermatophores were exposed to the five cryoprotectants at 5% (v/v) and 15% (v/v) at 4 degrees C for 5 min. In the second experiment, spermatophores were exposed to the cryoprotectants at 15% using different exposure times: 5, 15 and 30 min. In a third experiment, we tested two ayopreservation protocols: LN2 vapor or -80 degrees C freezer, using a 15% cryoprotectant and 15 or 30 min of exposure. Viability and mitochondrial activity were assessed using Mitotracker deep red, YOPRO1 and Hoechst 33342, by flow cytometry. Spermatozoa in this species remain viable after cryoprotectant exposure but their quality decreased considerably after cryopreservation, only 5-10% of spermatozoa being motile. Flow cytometry demonstrated that Me2SO may be the most appropriate cryoprotectant for L coindetii spermatozoa, and shows a first approach on cephalopod sperm cryopreservation, opening new possibilities for the research and culture of this group of molluscs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： adipose tissue   canine   feline   genomics   obesity   transcriptome  

摘要： Approximately 55% of dogs and 53% of cats in the United States are considered overweight or obese. The domestication of dogs and cats and, more recently, their anthropomorphism, have drastically changed their environment and social behavior. A greater manifestation of chronic diseases is observed with pet obesity (e.g., insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders). The advances in "omics" technology may provide new tools to investigate the complexity of obesity and its comorbidities. The field of nutrigenomics focuses specifically on the mechanisms by which nutrients and dietary bioactive molecules affect gene expression. The main objective of this review is to discuss factors involved in the etiology of pet obesity and demonstrate how the field of nutrigenomics has been used to better understand and characterize this disease. Currently, most of the genomics literature available on companion animal obesity has focused on adipose tissue, with fewer studies focused on other tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, liver). Initial studies focused on the sequence and functionality of a few specific genes, such as leptin and adiponectin, and identified their association with obesity. Subsequent studies focused on gene expression levels across tissues and how they were impacted by BW status or if animals were intact, spayed, or neutered. Dietary interventions to induce obesity, promote BW loss, or alter dietary nutrient profile have also been investigated. Diets including prebiotics, green tea extract, or increased concentrations of protein have been shown to modify the expression of several genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose [e.g., uncoupling protein-2, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, PPAR alpha, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and glucose transporter 4] and skeletal muscle (e.g., PPAR alpha and LPL) tissues. In general, the outcomes derived from these studies demonstrated that dogs and cats share similar adipokines and hormones to other speci

关键词： canine   feline   genomics   microbiome  

摘要： Although dogs and cats are quite different than many livestock species in that they have evolved by eating diets high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, the gastrointestinal microbiota still play a key role in the gut and overall host health of these species. Early experiments in this field used culture-based techniques to evaluate the effects of dietary ingredients, such as fibers and prebiotics, on microbiota and indices of gut health (e. g., fecal scores, pH, fermentative end products). Such studies, however, were limited in scope and lacked precision as it pertained to the microbiota. The DNA-based techniques that have become available over the past decade have greatly upgraded research capabilities and have provided a more encompassing view of the canine and feline gastrointestinal microbiomes. High-throughput sequencing techniques that are much cheaper and faster than Sanger sequencing have been a key development in this progress. Sequence data not only allow for the identification of all microbial taxa but also provide information regarding functional capacity when a shotgun sequencing approach is used. The few canine and feline studies that have used 454 pyrosequencing have identified the predominant microbial taxa and metabolic functions present in healthy populations, differences between healthy and diseased dog and cat populations, and the effects of diet (e. g., dietary fibers, prebiotics, protein to carbohydrate ratio) on gastrointestinal microbiota. Although these studies have provided a foundation from which to work, more research is needed to increase our general understanding of the gastrointestinal microbiome, how it impacts host health, how its composition and activity may be altered by age, genetic, or environmental factors, and test whether specific pathogens or disease signatures can be identified and used in diagnosis and/or treatment of disease.

关键词： EDITORS  

摘要： The article offers a brief profile of the editor of the periodical A. Saber M. Saleuddin.

关键词： 大蒜素   生物学活性   应用  

摘要： 大蒜素能增强饲料适口性，促进动物生长发育、抑茵杀菌、提高机体免疫力，作为一种绿色饲料添加剂已广泛应用于动物生产中。本文主要概述了大蒜素的生物学活性及其在动物生产中的应用。