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关键词： BIOLOGICAL laboratories   NEMERTEA   REPRODUCTION   SPERMATOZOA   RESEARCH  

摘要： The article mentions the 125th anniversary of the Marine Biological Laboratory, and introduces various reports published within the issue including the signaling mechanisms operating during maturation and fertilization of marine nemertean worms and aspects of sperm activation to the egg.

关键词： 动物生物学   实验教学   改革  

摘要： 为了提高实验教学质量,培养具有创新意识和创新能力的生命科学人才,文章对动物生物学实验教学模式进行了改革。改革主要涉及"实验内容、教学方式和手段、实验教师队伍建设、考核方式"四个方面。经过多年的改革探索和实践,形成了全新的实验教学体系,学生成为最大的受益者,同时也为其他实验课程的改革提供了参考。

关键词： Sibumasu Terrane   Sydney Basin   Cyathaxonia fauna   Southeast Asia   Southeastern Australia   Paleobiogeography  

摘要： The Sibumasu Terrane consists of allochthonous blocks located between Gondwana and Eurasia and had a tectonic evolutionary history characterized by rifting from Gondwana during the Early Permian, northward drifting during the Mid-Late Permian, and final amalgamation with Eurasia during the Triassic. The rugose coral Cyathaxonia faunas, which are typically composed of small, solitary, and non-dissepimented rugose corals, occur in the Lower Permian of the Sibumasu Terrane in Southeast Asia and the southern Sydney Basin of southeastern Australia. These Cyathaxonia faunas suggest cold or cool water shallow marine conditions, which is also supported by the occurrence of glaciomarine dropstones and diamictites in associated sediments and immediately underlying strata. Significant differences in the composition of coral faunas between the Sibumasu Terrane and the Cathaysian continent (comprising tectonic blocks such as South China and Indochina) indicate that the Sibumasu was probably located at the northern margin of Gondwana during the Early Permian, as opposed to Cathaysia then located near the Paleo-equator in the eastern Paleotethys. The Middle Permian coral faunas in the Sibumasu Terrane are dominated by both solitary and compound Waagenophyllidae. The latter is a common element in the Cathaysian continent. But, some distinctive and endemic taxa occurred in the Sibumasu Terrane during this time, suggesting that it was still an independent (isolated) paleobiogeographical entity, located at a certain distance from the Cathaysian continent. A total of eleven small solitary coral species from the Sibumasu Terrane and the southern Sydney Basin are described in detail. Of these five are new (Ufimia khaokaeonoi, Zaphrentites shidianense, Euryphyllum khaokaeoyai, E. kanchanaburi, and ?Claviphyllum baoshanense). (C) 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： flower-feeding weevil   insect-plant interaction   Solanaceae   Solanum viarum  

摘要： Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) is a major exotic weed in pastures and conservation areas in subtropical regions. Anthonomus tenebrosus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was found feeding on the flowers of tropical soda apple in southern Brazil and was considered a potential biological control agent. The objectives of this study were to examine the life history and host specificity of A. tenebrosus. The development from egg to adult was measured at eight constant temperatures in growth chambers. The presence of reproductive diapause was measured by using a two-way factorial design with three temperatures (20, 22.5, and 25 degrees C) and two photoperiods (14:10 and 10:14 [L:D] h). Temperature influenced the developmental time from egg to adult of A. tenebrosus, which ranged from 49.6 d at 16 degrees C to 13.6 d at 28 degrees C. The longevity of males ranged from 64 to 190 d, whereas females lived from 44 to 204 d. When exposed to 10:14 (L:D) h and 20 degrees C, 35% of females entered reproductive diapause. The fundamental host range of A. tenebrosus-based on several life-history aspects, including adult longevity, oogenesis, and oviposition-and immature development of A. tenebrosus were studied. Under no-choice conditions, approximate to 80% of adults survived for 30 d on several Solanum melongena L. varieties, Solanum capsicoides, S. viarum, and Solanum carolinense L. A. tenebrosus completed development from egg to adult on a number of S. melongena varieties, the native plant S. carolinense, and the exotic plants S. capsicoides All., S. viarum, and Solanum tampicense Dunal. Under paired-choice conditions, adult feeding occurred on all species, whereas oviposition occurred only on S. viarum, S. capsicoides, and S. carolinense. Because of the nontarget attack to S. melongena and a native plant, A. tenebrosus should not be considered for release as a biological control agent of tropical soda apple in the United States.

关键词： 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌   药物作用   嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌   酶学   细菌噬菌体   分离和提纯   模型,动物   抗菌药   治疗应用  

摘要： 目的:通过分离嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Sm)噬菌体,研究噬菌体SM1的生物学特征及其在感染动物模型中的疗效,为噬菌体治疗Sm感染提供实验依据。方法:利用噬菌斑法从医院污水中分离噬菌体SM1,电镜观察其形态特征,并提取基因组行酶切电泳;测定噬菌体SM1最佳感染复数、耐受突变率、一步生长曲线及其在感染动物模型中的作用。结果:筛选出1株具有较宽裂解谱的双链DNA肌尾噬菌体SM1,基因组大小约50 kb;其感染宿主菌的潜伏期为15 min,爆发期为50 min,裂解量为187,耐受突变率为6×10-10;噬菌体SM1治疗组小鼠7 d后全部存活。结论:噬菌体SM1具有裂解谱较宽、潜伏期短、裂解量大及耐受突变率低的特点,而且可有效治疗Sm感染的小鼠。

关键词： 丁酸盐   生物学功能   作用机制   动物生产  

摘要： 本文综述了丁酸盐在维持动物肠道健康、免疫调节、神经保护、基因表达调控等方面的作用及其相关机制,并且简要介绍了其在动物生产中的应用,旨在为今后的生产实践提供参考。

关键词： 母婴分离   动物模型   精神分裂症  

摘要： 利用社会环境剥夺建立的精神分裂症动物模型,是当前研究精神分裂症神经生物学机制的一个热点课题。作为一种重要的早期社会剥夺方式,出生后至断乳前的母婴分离日益受到关注。文章综合阐述了母婴分离对啮齿类动物行为及神经发育影响的最新研究成果,表明母婴分离可以部分模拟精神分裂症的行为及中枢表现,证实了该模型的可行性;并进一步分析了影响实验结果的各种相关因素,为今后采用该模型进行深入研究提供一定的理论支持。

关键词： 股骨头坏死   模型   动物   兔   糖皮质激素类  

摘要： 目的建立糖皮质激素导致的幼兔股骨头缺血坏死模型，观察其生物学特性。方法选用2月龄的新西兰大白兔60只（1．4～1．7kg），应用随机排列表法，分为：激素注射组（48只），臀肌注射糖皮质激素（7．5mg／kg）；对照组（12只），臀肌注射等体积的生理盐水（0．3ml／kg），每周2次，共8周。模型制作完成后，按照日本骨坏死多中心协会提出的标准化股骨头非创伤性坏死诊断标准，根据实验动物是否发病将激素注射组分为：激素注射发病组和激素注射未发病组。于第1次注射后第2、4、6、8周行双髋关节X线正位片、CT扫描检查，分别取双侧股骨头软骨、软骨下骨质行组织病理学、电镜检查。结果按照日本骨坏死多中心协会提出的标准化股骨头非创伤性坏死诊断标准，至第8周末，激素注射组动物存活31只，共7只实验动物被认定为股骨头坏死阳性，本组股骨头缺血性坏死发生率为22．58%（7／31）。激素注射组股骨头骨质密度均匀增高，骨纹理消失，骨骺变小，高度下降，髋关节间隙增宽；骨小梁稀疏、变细，部分断裂，排列不规则，骨小梁面积比分别为（34．56±6．14）％、（34．08±6．30）％，较之对照组（53．12±6．10）Voo均明显减少，差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）；骨陷窝中骨细胞核固缩、变形、边聚，空骨陷窝增多，而激素注射发病组健侧和激素注射未发病组及对照组双侧股骨头仅有少量骨陷窝空缺，发病组骨陷窝空缺率（24．63±6．83）％明显高于激素注射未发病组（11．03±3．67）％和对照组（10．75±2．16）％，差异有统计学意义（P〈O．（）1）；其余各组间比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；软骨下骨质中骨细胞皱缩，细胞膜不完整，部分细胞质中有脂滴，未见细胞器，核膜不完整，核膜分离，染色质浓缩、边聚。结论单纯臀肌注射糖皮质激素可导致幼兔股骨头缺血坏死的发生。

关键词： 单宁   抗营养因子   抑菌作用   抗氧化  

摘要： 由于单宁能与蛋白质、多糖、酶、金属离子等结合,因此被长期作为一种抗营养因子。近年来研究发现,单宁在抑菌、抗病毒、抗氧化与清除自由基等方面具有较强的生理活性。饲粮中适宜的单宁,对动物的生长、免疫及繁殖性能等方面有着积极的促进作用。文章通过综述其在上述领域的研究进展,为单宁在动物生产中的应用提供参考。

关键词： 动物学教学   综合生物学   教学探索   原口动物   后口动物  

摘要： 动物学的重点已经从形态和现象的描述转变到对因果关系和机制讨论。动物学教学需要引入综合生物学的观念,即关注动物生物学的各个方面,特别是结构和功能的联系。本文强调了将综合生物学的观点引入动物学教学的必要性,以概念为基础,基于比较的原则,从胚胎发育、形态、功能、适应、进化和分子系统学等方面组织原口动物和后口动物的教学。