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关键词： Contortylenchus grandicolli   Ophiostoma ips   Pinus radiata   plantation   Sirex noctilio  

摘要： The five-spined bark beetle, Ips grandicollis, is an exotic pest in Australia that preferentially attacks stressed pine trees, including Pinus radiata D. Don, but it can also attack healthy trees. The beetle has been present in Australia for 70 years, feeding principally on logging debris, with occasional outbreaks resulting in damage to plantations. Attack on trees stressed by drought, fire or storm damage leads to occasional significant losses. In recent years, I. grandicollis has been observed to attack 'trap trees' treated with herbicide to make them attractive to Sirex noctilio Fabricius as part of a successful biological control programme against this wood wasp. Ips grandicollis is able to tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions, and has an extensive geographical range (limited by host tree plantings). The economic impact of I. grandicollis is exacerbated by adults vectoring a fungus, Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannfeldt, which discolours the outer sapwood and contributes to tree death. Nematodes also are also associated with I. grandicollis, both in the body cavity and under the elytra. The dominant nematode is Contortylenchus grandicolli Massey, which is found internally, in haemocoel, the gut and the head region of the majority of adult beetles. Mites and bacteria are also associated with I. grandicollis but their biology is not well known. Since the first detection of I. grandicollis in Australia, various bio-control and other management strategies have been tested. While a better understanding of the microbial and nematode associates of I. grandicollis may yield novel approaches for the management of this exotic pest, semiochemical-based disruptants offer more immediate scope, particularly for protecting small areas of high value trees such as trap tree plots.

摘要： The formation of the germ line in an embryo marks a fresh round of reproductive potential. The developmental stage and location within the embryo where the primordial germ cells (PGCs) form, however, differs markedly among species. In manyanimals, the germline is formed by an inherited mechanism, in which molecules made and selectively partitioned within the oocyte drive the early development of cells that acquire this material to a germ-line fate. In contrast, the germ line of other animals is fated by an inductive mechanismthat involves signaling between cells that directs this specialized fate. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of germ-line determination in echinoderms, an early-branching sister group to the chordates. One member of the phylum, sea urchins, appears to use an inherited mechanism of germline formation, whereas their relatives, the sea stars, appear to use an inductive mechanism. We first integrate the experimental results currently available for germline determination in the sea urchin, for which considerable new information is available, and then broaden the investigation to the lesser-known mechanisms in sea stars and other echinoderms. Even with this limited insight, it appears that sea stars, and perhaps the majority of the echinoderm taxon, rely on inductive mechanisms for germ-line fate determination. This enables a strongly contrasted picture for germ-line determination in this phylum, but one for which transitions between different modes of germ-line determination might now be experimentally addressed. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： conservation education   environmental education   informal science learning   public engagement   public understanding of conservation biology   science education   zoo education  

摘要： Millions of children visit zoos every year with parents or schools to encounter wildlife firsthand. Public conservation education is a requirement for membership in professional zoo associations. However, in recent years zoos have been criticized for failing to educate the public on conservation issues and related biological concepts, such as animal adaptation to habitats. I used matched pre-and postvisit mixed methods questionnaires to investigate the educational value of zoo visits for children aged 7-15 years. The questionnaires gathered qualitative data from these individuals, including zoo-related thoughts and an annotated drawing of a habitat. A content analysis of these qualitative data produced the quantitative data reported in this article. I evaluated the relative learning outcomes of educator-guided and unguided zoo visits at London Zoo, both in terms of learning about conservation biology (measured by annotated drawings) and changing attitudes toward wildlife conservation (measured using thought-listing data). Forty-one percent of educator-guided visits and 34% of unguided visits resulted in conservation biology-related learning. Negative changes in children's understanding of animals and their habitats were more prevalent in unguided zoo visits. Overall, my results show the potential educational value of visiting zoos for children. However, they also suggest that zoos' standard unguided interpretive materials are insufficient for achieving the best outcomes for visiting children. These results support a theoretical model of conservation biology learning that frames conservation educators as toolmakers who develop conceptual resources to enhance children's understanding of science.

关键词： sgBLUP   Genomic prediction   Systems genetics   Systems biology   eQTL   RNAseq  

摘要： Livestock genomics has gone through a paradigm shift since the advent of genome sequencing that includes Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), Whole Genome Predictions (WGP) and Genomic Selection (GS). Beginning with a brief review of current progress and challenges in livestock GWAS, WGP and GS, opportunities for next generation methods are introduced that unravel the underlying systems genetics of complex traits and provide biologically meaningful and accurate predictions. Genome-Wide Epistasis Association (GWEA) and Weighted Interaction SNP Hub (WISH) network methods are introduced here to unravel complex trait genetics. These methods effectively address the problems of GWAS that have no ability to model and analyze genome-wide genetic interactions and thus do not capture any epistatic variance that could explain part of the missing heritability. Further, the Systems genomic BLUP (sgBLUP) prediction method is introduced in this paper as a next generation WGP or GS tool that can account for and differentiate SNPs with known biological roles in the phenotypic or disease outcomes and potentially increase the accuracy of prediction. It is emphasized that tools that link genetic variants to their functions, pathways and other biological roles will become even more important in the future. These tools include FunctSNP. Postgwas and NCBI2R which are briefly discussed. Genome-Wide Gene Expression (Transcriptomics) analyses using RNAseq technology are briefly discussed with some examples including results from our own pig experiments. In the last part of this review, systems genetics and systems biology approaches are introduced that involve joint modeling and analyses of multi-omics data types from genomics through transcriptomics (microarray and RNAseq), metabolomics to proteomics. It is shown using published studies that these systems approaches are valuable and powerful compared to standalone genomic methods in identifying key causal and highly predictive genetic va

关键词： nuclear transport   spermatogenesis   mass spectrometry   nuclear localization signal  

摘要： Importin alpha proteins function as adaptors to connect a cargo protein and importin beta 1 in the classical nuclear import pathway. Here we measure for the first time the stoichiometry of importins alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 1 in primary cells corresponding to 2 successive stages of rat spermatogenesis: meiotic spermatocytes and haploid round spermatids. Importin alpha 2 levels were more than 2-fold higher in spermatocytes than in spermatids, while importins alpha 4 and beta 1 levels did not differ significantly. We performed a comprehensive proteomics analysis to identify binding proteins in spermatocytes and spermatids using recombinant importin alpha 2 and alpha 4 proteins. Among the 100 candidate partners, 42 contained a strong classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS;score of> 6 by cNLS Mapper), while 8 nuclear proteins lacked any cNLS. In addition, we developed a new strategy to predict which cargoes bind to importin alpha through the conserved C-terminal acidic domain (ARM repeats 9-10), and provided functional validation of a predicted importin alpha C-terminal binding segment in Senataxin and Smarca4. Evaluation of this set of candidate binding partners from spermatogenic cells using several bioinformatics approaches provides new evidence that individual importin alpha s may serve unique and nonredundant roles in mediating cellular differentiation.

关键词： 甘草酸   生物学功能   提取工艺   单胃动物  

摘要： 甘草酸是甘草中的重要活性成分,是评定甘草质量的重要指标,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等作用。作者主要综述了甘草酸的生物学功能、提取工艺及其在单胃动物中的应用,以期为甘草酸在畜牧业中进一步开发利用提供参考。

关键词： 一体化   动物微生物学   操作能力   教学模式   教学质量  

摘要： 动物微生物学是高校兽医学和畜牧学等专业教学中的一门重要专业基础课程,这是一门对理论、实践、操作要求很高的课程。传统的单一理论教学已跟不上现代教学新模式的发展。理论与实践"一体化"的教学模式是对传统教学模式的改革,在理论教学的基础上加以对学生操作能力的训练,更有利于提高课堂的教学质量。

关键词： 哺乳动物   生物学   课堂教学   应用   内分泌系统   教材分析   八年级   人教版  

摘要： 1 教材分析 “哺乳动物”是人教版生物学八年级上册第五单元第一章动物的主要类群最后一节内容。学习本章内容为理解动物的运动和行为这一章奠定基础。学生学习哺乳动物，能够使其从自身出发理解动物因逃避敌害、争夺食物和栖息地，完成繁殖所进行的运动，是在神经和内分泌系统的调节下，由骨骼和肌肉共同完成的这一重要概念。

关键词： 行业专项   中国农业科学院   受体激动剂   盐酸克伦特罗   基础数据   莱克多巴胺   华大基因   兽医研究所   动物生物学   参考基因  

摘要： 中国农科院发现检测反刍动物瘦肉精新技术近日,中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所张军民研究员带领科研团队,在承担行业专项＂反刍动物-受体激动剂代谢残留规律及监测关键技术研究与示范＂任务的研究中取得新展。研究结果表明用不同颜色的牛毛发作为检测靶标,能够更加准确地监测肉牛在饲养过程中是否违法使用＂瘦肉精＂,解决了目前反刍动物的监管基础数据缺乏的问题。

关键词： 国家重点实验室   特种经济动物   分子生物学   吉林省   培育   中国农业科学院   博士生导师   研究员  

摘要： 杨福合，男，1957年8月生，研究员，博士生导师，现任中国农业科学院特产研究所所长，兼吉林省特种经济动物分子生物学重点实验室一省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地主任、