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关键词： 植物天然产物   合成生物学   生物合成   代谢工程   微生物细胞工厂  

摘要： 大多数药用天然产物在植物中含量低微,提取分离困难;而且这些化合物一般结构复杂,化学合成难度大,还容易造成环境污染。基于合成生物学技术获得药用天然产物具有绿色环保和可持续发展等优点。文中以药用萜类化合物人参皂苷、紫杉醇、青蒿素、丹参酮,生物碱类化合物长春新碱、吗啡以及黄酮类化合物灯盏花素为例,总结了植物来源药用萜类、生物碱类和黄酮类化合物的生物合成途径及合成生物学研究进展,介绍了药用天然产物合成生物学研究的关键技术与方法,并展望了合成生物学技术在药用天然产物研究与开发方面的应用前景。

摘要： Our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of plant negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) has lagged behind those made with positive-stranded RNA and DNA virus counterparts. This tardiness is mainly due to the lack of reverse genetics tools for NSV genome engineering for many years. The eventual establishment and application of recombinant systems with diverse plant NSVs has provided renewed momentum for investigations of these important viral pathogens. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in plant NSV reverse genetics systems, highlighting the general principles and the uniqueness of each system and emphasizing important considerations for strategy designing. We also provide a brief overview of the insights about NSV morphogenesis, movement, and virus-host interactions gained from reverse genetics-enabled studies.

关键词： Deep learning   Computer vision   Neural network   Phenotyping   Reproduction  

摘要： Key message Advances in deep learning are providing a powerful set of image analysis tools that are readily accessible for high-throughput phenotyping applications in plant reproductive biology. High-throughput phenotyping systems are becoming critical for answering biological questions on a large scale. These systems have historically relied on traditional computer vision techniques. However, neural networks and specifically deep learning are rapidly becoming more powerful and easier to implement. Here, we examine how deep learning can drive phenotyping systems and be used to answer fundamental questions in reproductive biology. We describe previous applications of deep learning in the plant sciences, provide general recommendations for applying these methods to the study of plant reproduction, and present a case study in maize ear phenotyping. Finally, we highlight several examples where deep learning has enabled research that was previously out of reach and discuss the future outlook of these methods.

摘要： PIN-FORMED (PIN) polar protein localization directs transport of the growth and developmental regulator auxin in plants. Once established after cytokinesis, PIN polarity requires maintenance. Now, direct interactions between PIN, MAB4/MEL and PID proteins suggest self-reinforced maintenance of PIN polarity through limiting lateral diffusion.

关键词： 核心素养   绿色植物   水   无机盐  

摘要： 以"绿色植物的生长需要水和无机盐"为例,介绍基于核心素养导向下初中生物学课堂教学策略,即通过4个活动层层展开,使学生从两个预实验中感悟实验方法与原则,并应用于探究性实验中,注重培养学生思维深度。

关键词： 国家重点实验室   植物病虫害   国家计划委员会   植物保护研究   中国农业科学院   林业可持续发展   国家自然科学基金委员会   依托单位  

摘要： 植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,1988年12月由原国家计划委员会批准建设,1992年1月通过国家验收并投入正式运行,对国内外全面开放。其依托单位为中国农业科学院植物保护研究所。1996年、2001年、2006年和2011年分别通过了由原国家计划委员会和科技部等委托国家自然科学基金委员会组织的4次评估,成绩良好。

关键词： 植物生物学   课程思政   教学研究  

摘要： "植物生物学"是诸多高等院校生命科学、生态环境等相关专业重要的基础理论课程之一。利用专业课程推进思想政治教育,对于落实立德树人根本任务、实现"三全育人"具有重要意义。结合对"植物生物学"课程思政育人的思考和探索,通过从"植物生物学"的教学现状、开展课程思政的重要意义与独特优势以及"植物生物学"课程思政教学思路与实践等方面进行探索,以期为高校实践教学类课程的思想政治教育提供借鉴和参考。

关键词： 白坚木皮醇   分布   生物合成   药理学功能   生物学功能  

摘要： 白坚木皮醇是植物中较为广泛存在的肌醇甲醚类化合物。一些植物种类白坚木皮醇含量丰富,是光合作用的主要产物,也是韧皮部碳水化合物运输的主要形式之一,在各个组织或器官均有分布。白坚木皮醇在植物界的分布、生物合成途径以及药理学和生物学功能等越来越受到学界的关注。本文在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,对白坚木皮醇的分布、合成途径以及药理学和生物学作用的研究进行了较全面的回顾,以期为白坚木皮醇的进一步研究和开发利用提供参考。

关键词： Rare-earth elements   Yttrium   Ytterbium   Thulium   Cabbage   LIBS   Spatial element distribution   Translocation   Bioaccumulation  

摘要： The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 ?m. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in *** plant grown with 50 ?g/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ?g/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

ISBN: (纸本)9787030672001