教学课程资源库 更多>>

关键词： decision theory   leafy spurge   management   stochastic dynamic programming  

摘要： Invasive species are a major cause of environmental change and are often costly to control. Decision theory should offer managers guidance to formulate the optimal allocation of resources. Unfortunately, current decision theory models typically do not consider invasion dynamics and do not make full use of the best models of biological spread and best biological data from theoretical models. We developed a decision theory model that integrated population dynamics, spread, uncertainty, and changes in management policies. We applied this model to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), a high-priority invasive weed in North America. We used field data to construct a biological model that included stochastic population dynamics and spatial spread and integrated it with decision theory using stochastic dynamic programming (SDP). The SDP model considered three control strategies: no control, biological control, and herbicide control. Solutions from the SDP model determined the optimal strategy to apply at a given state for any time horizon. The optimal strategy depended on the area and density of leafy spurge and varied with the time horizon;therefore, dynamic control is important in management programs. Biological control was consistently indicated as the optimal strategy for all time horizons. Herbicide control was the optimal strategy for small areas with high-density infestation for long time horizons. We conclude that dynamic control, forecasting, and the time horizon are important considerations for invasive species managers who are under financial, logistical, and time constraints.

关键词： Apiformes   Brassicaceae   Capparaceae   pollination   seedling fitness   self-compatibility  

摘要： The summer-blooming annual forbs Cleome lutea and Cleome serrulata (Cleomaceae) are native across the US Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains, respectively. Their farmed seed is sought to help rehabilitate western rangelands in those regions. This study of the reproductive biologies and pollinator faunas of C. lutea and C. serrulata is the first for this cosmopolitan family, the sister family to the Brassicaceae. Unlike the S-allele self-incompatibility systems of some Brassicaceae, both species of Cleome were found to be self-fertile and capable of some autogamy. Compared with selfing, outcrossing did not enhance seed set, seed viability or seedling vigor for either species (in fact, selfed progeny were more robust). Large, openly visited plants yielded > 20 000 seeds each. Like several species of the sister family Capparaceae, flowers of both species first shed their pollen, secreted nectar and became receptive nocturnally. Although no nocturnal visitors were found, both Cleome species attracted a diverse array of diurnal native bees, wasps and butterflies. Among the many floral generalist bees that work Cleome flowers for pollen and nectar are two managed agricultural pollinators, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata. These observations bode well for pollinating C. lutea and C. serrulata in small commercial seed fields. It appears that diverse wild bees would benefit from the addition of native Cleome to restoration seed mixes, with the objective of sustaining native pollinator faunas during the first few years of postfire plant community rehabilitation.

关键词： Arabidopsis/chemistry   Arabidopsis/chemistry   Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry   Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism   Crystallography, X-Ray   Gibberellins/chemistry   Gibberellins/metabolism   Gibberellins/pharmacology   Oryza sativa/chemistry   Oryza sativa/chemistry   Plant Proteins/chemistry   Plant Proteins/metabolism   Protein Binding   Protein Conformation/drug effects   Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry   Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism  

摘要： The article discusses a report published within the issue by Murase and colleagues investigating the function of gibberellins (GAs) and the identification of a GA receptor in plants. Topics include an explanation of GAs and their role in gene regulation, including seed germination and flower induction and a discussion regarding how GA receptors have helped clarify how growth-repressing proteins, called DELLA proteins, function.

关键词： 高级研修班   分子生物学   中国农业科学院茶叶研究所   杭州   茶树   植物   中国茶叶学会   四川农业大学  

摘要： 2008年10月20～22日，由中国茶叶学会和中国农业科学院茶叶研究所职业技能培训中心联合主办的植物（茶树）分子生物学高级研修班在浙江杭州举行。来自全国19个茶叶科研院所和高校的64名科技人员参加了研修班，福建省农业科学院茶叶研究所、湖南省茶叶研究所和四川农业大学茶学系分别由所长、书记和系主任带队参加研修班。

关键词： Cadmium   Lead   Zinc   Phytoremediation   XRF  

摘要： Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that employs the use of higher plants for the clean-up of contaminated environments. Progress in the field is however handicapped by limited knowledge of the biological processes involved in plant metal uptake, translocation, tolerance and plant-microbe-soil interactions;therefore a better understanding of the basic biological mechanisms involved in plant/microbe/soil/contaminant interactions would allow further optimization of phytoremediation technologies. In view of the needs of global environmental protection, it is important that in phytoremediation and plant biology studies the analytical procedures for elemental determination in plant tissues and soil should be fast and cheap, with simple sample preparation, and of adequate accuracy and reproducibility. The aim of this study was therefore to present the main characteristics, sample preparation protocols and applications of X-ray fluorescence-based analytical techniques (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry-EDXRF, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrornetry-TXRF and micro-proton induced X-ray emission -micro-PIXE). Element concentrations in plant leaves from metal polluted and non-polluted sites, as well as standard reference materials, were analyzed by the mentioned techniques, and additionally by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results were compared and critically evaluated in order to assess the performance and capability of X-ray fluorescence-based techniques in phytoremediation and plant biology studies. It is the EDXRF. which is recommended as suitable to be used in the analyses of a large number of samples, because it is multi-elemental, requires only simple preparation of sample material, and it is analytically comparable to the most frequently used instrumental chemical techniques. The TXRF is compatible to FAAS in sample preparation. but relative to AAS it is fast. sensitive and

关键词： 药用植物   分子生物学   亲缘关系   种质资源   道地性   中药机理   优良品种  

摘要： 对近年来分子生物学技术在药用植物研究工作中的应用现状进行了综述,主要包括药用植物亲缘关系研究、药用植物种质资源鉴定与道地性研究、珍稀濒危药用植物保护、中药机理研究、药用植物优良品种培育。

关键词： 生长发育   植物   胁迫   SUMO化修饰  

摘要： SUMO化修饰是细胞内蛋白质功能调节的重要方式之一。植物中的SUMO化修饰途径由SUMO分子和SUMO化酶系组成。SUMO化修饰是一个可逆的动态过程。SUMO前体蛋白在SUMO特异性蛋白酶的作用下成熟,随后通过SUMO活化酶、SUMO结合酶和SUMO连接酶将靶蛋白SUMO化,最后SUMO特异性蛋白酶将SUMO与靶蛋白分离,重新进入SUMO化循环。初步研究表明,植物SUMO化修饰参与植物花期调控、激素信号转导、抗病防御以及逆境应答等生理过程。

关键词： 绿色荧光蛋白   报告基因   分子生物学  

摘要： 许多海洋无脊椎动物体内都含有绿色荧光蛋白,这种蛋白质结构很特殊,在受到刺激时可以发射绿色或蓝色荧光。虽然对它的研究从20世纪60年代才开始,但是它独特的性质逐渐引起了生物学家的广泛关注。就绿色荧光蛋白的特性及其应用等进行简要综述。

关键词： 生物防治   拮抗菌   植物病害真菌   Burkholderia  

摘要： 目的研究分离的一株Burkholderia细菌对病原真菌的拮抗功能及其生物学特性。方法通过纸片法和菌块法分别对Burkholderia菌体及培养上清液作了抑菌活性测定,并对其碳、氮源利用,最适温度、pH等生长条件也进行了测定。同时,还测定了Siderophores和氢氰酸等的生成。结果发现细菌对小麦赤霉、烟草赤星、马铃薯干腐、西瓜枯萎,及棉花、番茄、酥梨病害的霉菌有明显的和不同程度的抑制作用。同时还发现该菌产生少量Siderophores。结论Burkholderia细菌可用于多种植物霉菌病害的生物防治。

关键词： 除虫菊   内生真菌   拟盘多毛孢属   抑菌活性   生物学特性  

摘要： 从除虫菊叶中分离到1株内生真菌，经形态学和生长特性等研究初步鉴定其为半知菌类拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsissp．）．该菌发酵液的10倍稀释液对苹果炭疽病菌（Glomerellacingulata）、番茄灰霉病菌（BotrytisciFeFea）、玉米大斑病菌（***）等6种病原真菌的抑制作用均达到85％以上，其5倍稀释液对番茄灰霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果炭疽病菌的孢子萌发抑制率均达80％以上．盆栽试验中对小麦白粉病（Blumeriagraminis）、番茄灰霉病、黄瓜霜霉病（Lycopersiconesculentum）的防治效果达60％以上．环境和营养因子对该菌的生长繁殖和抑菌活性影响较大：①在10～35℃时，菌丝能生长并形成孢子，最适生长繁殖温度为30℃，孢子的致死温度为65℃；②在pH6．5～8．0时，菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发均良好，最适pH值为7．5；③能直接利用玉米粉和糊精；④氮源以有机态氮为佳，硝态氮对其生长繁殖有抑制作用；⑤分别以D-木糖、山梨糖、甘露醇为碳源，以硝酸钠、甘氨酸、硫酸铵、牛肉膏、蛋白胨为氯源培养时，该菌株发酵液抑菌活性较高．