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关键词： 植物生物学   染色体工程   分子生物技术   科学家   作物遗传改良   香山科学会议   远缘杂交   分子育种  

摘要： “植物远缘杂交和染色体工程作用独特，在作物遗传改良基础和应用研究中的价值不能被分子生物技术所代替。”目前，在主题为“植物染色体工程与作物分子育种”的香山科学会议上，与会专家表达了深切地忧虑。近15年来，由于以模式种为主导的植物生物学研究占据了主流，植物染色体工程研究在我国没有得到系统地支持，从事该研究的科技人员和研究生数量急剧下降，

关键词： 单叶蔓荆   形态学   盐生植物  

摘要： 利用生物制片与显微技术,对单叶蔓荆营养器官外部形态、解剖结构及繁殖器官的形态结构进行了详细观察研究。从植物形态学角度看,单叶蔓荆具有盐生植物的典型特点。

关键词： 植物生物学   实践教学   实验  

摘要： 《植物生物学》是植物生产类专业基础课程。经过多年的实践教学,探索出一套适合于该课程的实践教学体系,该体系包括基础性试践教学、拓展性试践教学和野外实习等3个方面,通过基础性实验、综合性实验、课程综述论文、自主性实验以及野外实习中基本技能、数据分析和专题研究等方面的教学实践,对学生实施全方位的培养,达到培养具有基础扎实、富于思考、勇于创新的人才目标。

关键词： 丁草胺   根际降解   河岸带植物   微生物特征  

摘要： 以根际袋盆栽方法,研究了芦苇(Phragmites australis)、茭白(Zizania aquatica)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus Linn)三种典型河岸带植物根际丁草胺降解特征的差异,并从微生物学角度探讨了可能的机制。结果表明,与非根际相比较,不同河岸带植物根际对土壤中丁草胺降解有显著的增强效应。不同河岸带植物对丁草胺的降解效果存在显著差异,降解效果由大到小的次序为:菖蒲,芦苇,茭白。芦苇、茭白、菖蒲根际丁草胺降解速率常数依次分别为0.0606、0.0500、0.0680。在丁草胺作用下,不同河岸带植物根际与非根际土壤关键酶的活性和微生物特征存在明显差异。丁草胺对几种植物根际与非根际脱氢酶与脲酶都有不同程度的激活,但随后抑制并趋于正常水平,而磷酸酶则基本上影响不明显。同期根际的酶活性要比非根际的高。丁草胺作用后,对土壤细菌及真菌有明显的抑制作用,但对放线菌的数量影响不大。与芦苇和茭白相比,菖蒲根际土壤酶活性和微生物数量明显更高,说明该植物对土壤中丁草胺污染具有较好的缓冲作用,从而大大提高了丁草胺的微生物降解的增强效应。

关键词： 名物考证   生物学验证法   植物命名  

摘要： 名物考证,尤其是汉语植物命名探求在语言学界是公认的难题,探讨科学的名物探源方法尤为重要。本文认为,科学的名物训诂方法应是语源学与现代植物科学相结合,其中生物学验证法不仅为"因声求义"法提供旁证,还可辨析歧训异说,匡正旧说谬论,在汉语植物命名探求中有着十分重要的价值。

关键词： 转基因胡萝卜疫苗   外源基因检测   蛋白鉴定  

摘要： 以包含有不同外源病毒基因的转基因胡萝卜为试验材料,应用分子生物学手段,从DNA水平上和蛋白质水平上对这些材料加以鉴定,经PCR引物筛选后得到转基因胡萝卜的阳性率为38%左右;为保证实验的可靠性和可行性,防止检测过程中遗漏和错误的发生,用特异的PCR引物对检测结果进行复选,得到的植株阳性率为7%.在蛋白水平上应用ELISA检测法检测获得的阳性植株的结果与PCR检测结果相同,且同时发现外源基因在胡萝卜根中的表达量明显小于在叶中的表达量.

关键词： 《植物生物学》   计算机辅助教学   课件  

摘要： 计算机辅助教学已成为现代教学中的主要教学辅助手段,其时空性、可视性、信息多样性和高效性等特征,基本解决了传统《植物生物学》教学中难以解决的问题。通过多年的教学实践,作者认为有效素材的收集是制作优质CAI课件的前提,而课件制作应该符合教学目标、教学内容和教学规律;在教学中要认清CAI的本质,根据学科发展及时更新课件,并运用多种教学手段,处理好"教与学"的关系,防止将教学手段异化为教学目的。

关键词： soil fungus   mycorrhiza   host-specificity   diversity   systematics  

摘要： Dark septate endophytes (DSE), a diverse group of ascomycetes, are dominant root colonizers in many ecosystems. The most frequent DSE in natural forest ecosystems in the Not-them hemisphere belong to the Phialocephala fortinii s.l. - Acephala applanota species complex (PAC). Recently, species rank was assigned to seven cryptic species (CSP) of P. fortinii s.l.: Phialocephala fortinii s. str. C.J.K. Wang & H.E. Wilcox, Phialocephala europaea C.R. Grunig et T.N. Sieber, Phialocelphala helvetica C.R. Grunig et T.N. Sieber, Phialocephala letzii C.R. Grunig et T.N. Sieber, Phialocephala subalpina C.R. Grunig et T.N. Sieber, Phialocephala turiciencis C.R. Grunig et T.N. Sieber, and Phialocephala uotolensis C.R. Grunig et T.N. Sieber. PAC species occur oil all parts of the root system of trees, from mycorrhizal root tips to the stem base. Up to 80% of fine roots in forest stands can be colonized by them, and Lip to eight species occur sympatrically. The present work is a mixture of review and reconsideration Of published work in the light of the subdivision of P. fortinii s.l. into several species. We review the current knowledge related to taxonomy, geographical distribution, population biology, and ecology of PAC species. We identified strains of A fortinii s.l. from previously published studies to species level. The reassessment of earlier studies indicates that PAC species behave in a versatile manner along the mutualism-parasitism continuum and lifestyle designation is complicated by the use of different experimental systems. Finally we define the most promising research areas, which will contribute to elucidate the ecological role of root endophytes in general and PAC species in particular.

关键词： bacteria   culture-independent profiling   diversity   fungi   phyllosphere   plant genotype  

摘要： The phyllosphere represents the habitat provided by the aboveground parts of plants, and on a global scale supports a large and complex microbial community. Microbial interactions in the phyllosphere can affect the fitness of plants in natural communities, the productivity of agricultural crops, and the safety of horticultural produce for human consumption. The structure of phyllosphere communities reflects immigration, survival and growth of microbial colonists, which is influenced by numerous environmental factors in addition to leaf physico-chemical properties. The recent use of culture-independent techniques has demonstrated considerable previously unrecognized diversity in phyllosphere bacterial communities. Furthermore, there is significant recent evidence that plant genotype can play a major role in determining the structure of phyllosphere microbial communities. The main aims of this review are: (i) to discuss the diversity of phyllosphere microbial populations;(ii) to consider the processes by which microbes colonize the phyllosphere;(iii) to address the leaf characteristics and environmental factors that determine the survival and growth of colonists;(iv) to discuss microbial adaptations that allow establishment in the phyllosphere habitat and (v) to evaluate evidence for plant genotypic control of phyllosphere communities. Finally, we suggest approaches and priority areas for future research on phyllosphere microbiology.

关键词： Freesia alba x leichtlinii   Geophyte   Invasive   Persistent soil seed bank   Sparaxis bulbifera  

摘要： The article presents a study which examines the seed biology of two invasive South African Iridaceous geophytes and implications for natural area management in Perth, Western Australia. The seed viability, germination patterns, and persistence in the soil seed bank of natural populations was investigated on a disturbed Banksia woodland Freesia and Sparaxis seed burial site. Results show that the seed collected from populations of Freesia was 100% viable while Sparaxis was 85.6% viable. The germination of the Freesia and Sparaxis seeds occurred relatively rapidly in controlled and natural conditions which was completely exhausted in September 2005. Seed persistence of both species was less than 9 months. It concludes that the geophytic life form is capable of surviving fire.