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关键词： rare species   range   tolerance   seasonal development   fruiting   seed quality  

摘要： The study addresses the biology of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.), a Central-Asian species rare to Siberia, studied in model trees in extreme environment which characterizes the northeastern limit of its range.

关键词： ecological footprint   agricultural productivity   nutrient flow   energy flow   information flow   plant phenotype   cell-community biology   modelling validation cycle   biological organs   human impacts   agricultural productivity   systems biology   Nutrient flow   Ecosystem   plant sciences   Energy flow   Ecological footprint   energy exchange   information flow  

摘要： Molecular biologists typically restrict systems biology to cellular levels. By contrast, ecologists define biological systems as communities of interacting individuals at different trophic levels that process energy, nutrient and information flows. Modern plant breeding needs to increase agricultural productivity while decreasing the ecological footprint. This requires a holistic systems biology approach that couples different aggregation levels while considering the variables that affect these biological systems from cell to community. The challenge is to generate accurate experimental data that can be used together with modelling concepts and techniques that allow experimentally verifying in silico predictions. The coupling of aggregation levels in plant sciences, termed Integral Quantification of Biological Organization (IQ(Bio)), might enhance our abilities to generate erate new desired plant phenotypes.

关键词： Plastid   biology   Biological Science Disciplines   Organelles   focuses on  

摘要： The authors discuss the importance of plastid biology to plant physiology as well as the creation of life on earth. They describe the impact of the evolution of chloroplasts which resulted in the emergence of the vast diversity of plastid-bearing organisms. They mention several activities that chloroplasts and other nonphotosynthetic plastid types carry out that are critical to the organism.

关键词： Biological Evolution   Developmental Biology/history   History, 18th Century   History, 19th Century   Organogenesis   Plants/embryology  

摘要： Much has been written of the early history of comparative embryology and its influence on the emergence of an evolutionary developmental perspective. However, this literature, which dates back nearly a century, has been focused on metazoans, without acknowledgment of the contributions of comparative plant morphologists to the creation of a developmental view of biodiversity. We trace the origin of comparative plant developmental morphology from its inception in the eighteenth century works of Wolff and Goethe, through the mid nineteenth century discoveries of the general principles of leaf and floral organ morphogenesis. Much like the stimulus that von Baer provided as a nonevolutionary comparative embryologist to the creation of an evolutionary developmental view of animals, the comparative developmental studies of plant morphologists were the basis for the first articulation of the concept that plant (namely floral) evolution results from successive modifications of ontogeny. Perhaps most surprisingly, we show that the first person to carefully read and internalize the remarkable advances in the understanding of plant morphogenesis in the 1840s and 1850s is none other than Charles Darwin, whose notebooks, correspondence, and (then) unpublished manuscripts clearly demonstrate that he had discovered the developmental basis for the evolutionary transformation of plant form.

关键词： Ethnobotany   biophilia   botanical illustration   cultural practices   interdisciplinary   symbiotic relationships  

摘要： We examine the interdisciplinary nature of ethnobotany from a broad perspective and consider its application to the biology classroom and lab. The concept of biophilia and students' relationships with plants are integral components. Botanical nature journaling, discussion of diverse cultural practices, and collection of plants are used to encourage students' interest in local plants. Interwoven with these topics is a plant/microbial lab, which focuses on the local environment and the potential antimicrobial properties of plant parts.

关键词： auxin   bottom-up modelling   crop model   functional structural plant model   molecular networks   sub-cellular model   systems biology   tissue model   top-down modelling   whole plant model  

摘要： Systems biology is all about networks. A recent trend has been to associate systems biology exclusively with the study of gene regulatory or protein-interaction networks. However, systems biology approaches can be applied at many other scales, from the subatomic to the ecosystem scales. In this review, we describe studies at the sub-cellular, tissue, whole plant and crop scales and highlight how these studies can be related to systems biology. We discuss the properties of system approaches at each scale as well as their current limits, and pinpoint in each case advances unique to the considered scale but representing potential for the other scales. We conclude by examining plant models bridging different scales and considering the future prospects of plant systems biology.

关键词： Asteraceae   Bombus vosnesenskii   Cirsium   Comparative method   Invasive   Pollen limitation   Rare  

摘要： Previous studies have examined an association between reproductive success and pollination biology of rare versus widespread species through pair-wise comparisons of native and invasive congeners or rare and common congeners. To determine the importance of reproductive success and pollination biology for an invasive thistle, Cirsium vulgare, we compared it in its invaded range to five, co-occurring native Cirsium species that range from rare to common. Native study species include C. fontinale var. fontinale, C. andrewsii, C. brevistylum, C. occidentale, and C. quercetorum. We compared all species' reproductive success, insect visitation rate and composition, autonomous self-pollination, and level of pollen limitation in multiple populations. Species differed in their reproductive success;the invasive C. vulgare produced more flower heads per plant than most native species. C. vulgare attracted more visitors than its congeners. In addition, reproductive success and insect visitation significantly varied between populations within species, mainly due to aphid infestation in one population of C. occidentale. Unlike the rare species (C. fontinale and andrewsii), C. vulgare did not require a pollinator for high-levels of seed production. The remaining native species set fewer seeds than C. vulgare without a pollinator. However, differences in insect visitation and autonomous self-pollination did not lead to differences in pollen limitation across species or between populations. This result suggests that factors other than pollination biology determine the difference in reproductive success of these species. However, high levels of autonomous self-pollination and generalist insect visitation may allow the invasive C. vulgare to easily establish new populations from low numbers of propagules. Our study provides one contrast that should build towards a larger comparative analysis to examine general patterns in the relationship between reproductive success, pollination biol

关键词： 土壤污染物   有机农业   虫害控制   修复   全球性问题   生物多样性   植物生物学   人类社会  

摘要： 人类社会的发展带来了严重的全球性问题，如贫困、疾病、食品价格上涨、气候变化、污染、病虫害肆虐、土壤退化、生物多样性减少和荒漠化。由于大多数问题是相互交织在一起的，人们现在不能再用经典的弗里德曼方法来解决问题。现有的科学和政府结构已经过时，应不断改进，以应对全球挑战。让人意想不到的是，农学成为解决这些社会问题的核心学科，因为农学是植物生物学、土壤学、气候学、生态学和化学的许多学科的综合。

关键词： Biodiversity   Competition   Fitness parameters   Germination   Land use change  

摘要： Over the last 20 years, the species assemblage of the species-rich dry grassland communities of central Germany has changed due to the ongoing abandonment of traditional land-use practices. In our study we wanted to investigate the germination biology and the plant-plant interaction of the low-growing and declining forb Alyssum montanum and the increasingly dominant grass Festuca rupicola. To investigate the germination behaviour we simulated cold (8/4A degrees C), warm (20/10A degrees C) and hot (32/20A degrees C) conditions under a light-dark regime (12/12 hours) as well as in constant darkness. Germination of both species was similar with almost all non-dormant seeds germinating under intermediate temperature conditions (20/10A degrees C). Whereas F. rupicola (F) germinated equally well under light changing conditions and constant darkness, the germination of A. montanum (A) was clearly reduced in darkness, which implies a strong competitive advantage of F. rupicola in dense vegetation cover. However, A. montanum germinated early under all temperatures regimes and better under 20/10A degrees C as well as with light changing conditions. The interactions between the two species were tested in a pod-experiment with a replacement design, within which the composition of individuals was changed in the following way: 4A/1F, 3A/2F, 2A/3F, 1A/4F (eight replications per each). To evaluate any influence of intraspecific competition we created monocultures in an additive design (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 1F, 5F;eight replications per each). Despite that A. montanum developed faster and flowered after only four months in the replacement design experiment, the herb responded negatively to the presence of F. rupicola in several parameters (number of flowers, number of fruits and biomass per individual). The calculation of the Relative Neighbour Effect (RNE) indicated facilitation for F. rupicola and competition on A. montanum, which increased with increasing number of individuals of

关键词： 隐失波荧光显微镜   植物   细胞生物学   胞吞与胞吐   细胞膜  

摘要： 隐失波荧光显微术(evanescent wave fluorescence microscopy,EWFM)是一种对细胞膜附近的生物学过程进行选择性观测的光学显微成像技术,该技术是基于全内反射原理,即当光在生物样品表面产生全内反射时,虽然在样品表面未被光直接照亮,但它仍会产生一种隐失波,这种隐失波却有足够能量将样品表面100～200 nm范围内的荧光基团激发。由于这一特性使得隐失波荧光显微镜能对靠近细胞膜的生物学过程,如胞吞胞吐、单个分子与细胞膜的结合和解离,以及膜上受体的动态变化过程等进行更好的观测。本文简略地介绍了隐失波荧光显微术的原理,同时对其在细胞生物学,特别是在植物细胞生物学中的应用作了初步总结。随着隐失波荧光显微镜的商业化及其观测技术的不断改进,它将在生命科学领域的研究中发挥越来越大的作用。