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关键词： auxin   bottom-up modelling   crop model   functional structural plant model   molecular networks   sub-cellular model   systems biology   tissue model   top-down modelling   whole plant model  

摘要： Systems biology is all about networks. A recent trend has been to associate systems biology exclusively with the study of gene regulatory or protein-interaction networks. However, systems biology approaches can be applied at many other scales, from the subatomic to the ecosystem scales. In this review, we describe studies at the sub-cellular, tissue, whole plant and crop scales and highlight how these studies can be related to systems biology. We discuss the properties of system approaches at each scale as well as their current limits, and pinpoint in each case advances unique to the considered scale but representing potential for the other scales. We conclude by examining plant models bridging different scales and considering the future prospects of plant systems biology.

关键词： Asteraceae   Bombus vosnesenskii   Cirsium   Comparative method   Invasive   Pollen limitation   Rare  

摘要： Previous studies have examined an association between reproductive success and pollination biology of rare versus widespread species through pair-wise comparisons of native and invasive congeners or rare and common congeners. To determine the importance of reproductive success and pollination biology for an invasive thistle, Cirsium vulgare, we compared it in its invaded range to five, co-occurring native Cirsium species that range from rare to common. Native study species include C. fontinale var. fontinale, C. andrewsii, C. brevistylum, C. occidentale, and C. quercetorum. We compared all species' reproductive success, insect visitation rate and composition, autonomous self-pollination, and level of pollen limitation in multiple populations. Species differed in their reproductive success;the invasive C. vulgare produced more flower heads per plant than most native species. C. vulgare attracted more visitors than its congeners. In addition, reproductive success and insect visitation significantly varied between populations within species, mainly due to aphid infestation in one population of C. occidentale. Unlike the rare species (C. fontinale and andrewsii), C. vulgare did not require a pollinator for high-levels of seed production. The remaining native species set fewer seeds than C. vulgare without a pollinator. However, differences in insect visitation and autonomous self-pollination did not lead to differences in pollen limitation across species or between populations. This result suggests that factors other than pollination biology determine the difference in reproductive success of these species. However, high levels of autonomous self-pollination and generalist insect visitation may allow the invasive C. vulgare to easily establish new populations from low numbers of propagules. Our study provides one contrast that should build towards a larger comparative analysis to examine general patterns in the relationship between reproductive success, pollination biol

关键词： 土壤污染物   有机农业   虫害控制   修复   全球性问题   生物多样性   植物生物学   人类社会  

摘要： 人类社会的发展带来了严重的全球性问题，如贫困、疾病、食品价格上涨、气候变化、污染、病虫害肆虐、土壤退化、生物多样性减少和荒漠化。由于大多数问题是相互交织在一起的，人们现在不能再用经典的弗里德曼方法来解决问题。现有的科学和政府结构已经过时，应不断改进，以应对全球挑战。让人意想不到的是，农学成为解决这些社会问题的核心学科，因为农学是植物生物学、土壤学、气候学、生态学和化学的许多学科的综合。

关键词： Biodiversity   Competition   Fitness parameters   Germination   Land use change  

摘要： Over the last 20 years, the species assemblage of the species-rich dry grassland communities of central Germany has changed due to the ongoing abandonment of traditional land-use practices. In our study we wanted to investigate the germination biology and the plant-plant interaction of the low-growing and declining forb Alyssum montanum and the increasingly dominant grass Festuca rupicola. To investigate the germination behaviour we simulated cold (8/4A degrees C), warm (20/10A degrees C) and hot (32/20A degrees C) conditions under a light-dark regime (12/12 hours) as well as in constant darkness. Germination of both species was similar with almost all non-dormant seeds germinating under intermediate temperature conditions (20/10A degrees C). Whereas F. rupicola (F) germinated equally well under light changing conditions and constant darkness, the germination of A. montanum (A) was clearly reduced in darkness, which implies a strong competitive advantage of F. rupicola in dense vegetation cover. However, A. montanum germinated early under all temperatures regimes and better under 20/10A degrees C as well as with light changing conditions. The interactions between the two species were tested in a pod-experiment with a replacement design, within which the composition of individuals was changed in the following way: 4A/1F, 3A/2F, 2A/3F, 1A/4F (eight replications per each). To evaluate any influence of intraspecific competition we created monocultures in an additive design (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 1F, 5F;eight replications per each). Despite that A. montanum developed faster and flowered after only four months in the replacement design experiment, the herb responded negatively to the presence of F. rupicola in several parameters (number of flowers, number of fruits and biomass per individual). The calculation of the Relative Neighbour Effect (RNE) indicated facilitation for F. rupicola and competition on A. montanum, which increased with increasing number of individuals of

关键词： 隐失波荧光显微镜   植物   细胞生物学   胞吞与胞吐   细胞膜  

摘要： 隐失波荧光显微术(evanescent wave fluorescence microscopy,EWFM)是一种对细胞膜附近的生物学过程进行选择性观测的光学显微成像技术,该技术是基于全内反射原理,即当光在生物样品表面产生全内反射时,虽然在样品表面未被光直接照亮,但它仍会产生一种隐失波,这种隐失波却有足够能量将样品表面100～200 nm范围内的荧光基团激发。由于这一特性使得隐失波荧光显微镜能对靠近细胞膜的生物学过程,如胞吞胞吐、单个分子与细胞膜的结合和解离,以及膜上受体的动态变化过程等进行更好的观测。本文简略地介绍了隐失波荧光显微术的原理,同时对其在细胞生物学,特别是在植物细胞生物学中的应用作了初步总结。随着隐失波荧光显微镜的商业化及其观测技术的不断改进,它将在生命科学领域的研究中发挥越来越大的作用。

关键词： 体验式   植物生物学   教学情境  

摘要： 本文就体验式教学的内涵和特点进行了分析,并在植物生物学课堂上对体验式教学进行了实践和探索.认为在高校生物专业实施体验式教学是可行且高效的,在激发学生学习兴趣、发挥学生主观能动性和培养自主探究能力方面具有独特优势,取得了良好的教学效果.

关键词： 陆英   根腐病   生物学特性  

摘要： 测定不同培养基、pH值、温度、碳氮源对陆英根腐病病原菌菌丝及孢子生长的影响。结果表明,陆英根腐病菌经鉴定为镰刀菌Fusarium sp.。陆英根腐病菌在PSA上生长和产孢最好,菌丝生长和产孢的适温为25～30℃,最适28℃;适宜pH值5～7,最适pH值6,有无碳源对其生长差异显著,菌丝生长对碳源的利用以蔗糖最好,乳糖最差;对氮源的利用以硝酸钾最好,硫酸铵最差。

关键词： 超氧化物歧化酶   植物抗逆性   转基因植物  

摘要： 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)普遍存在于生物体内的能清除超氧阴离子自由基的一类金属酶,在植物抗逆基因工程中有广泛的应用。我国研究者现已从很多植物中克隆出SOD基因,转SOD基因的研究工作也已取得了可喜的成果。现就近年来国内在植物SOD的分子生物学研究及其在植物抗逆基因工程中的应用研究方面的进展进行综述,并对植物抗逆基因工程中存在的问题进行了分析和探讨。

关键词： DNA   C-值   基因组大小   变异   生物学意义  

摘要： 植物的DNA C-值在不同的分类群和生活型之间存在巨大差异,这种差异与地理分布、生态适应、植物的入侵能力等有一定的相关性.DNA C-值对于物种来讲也不是特异的,其变异幅度在不同种之间又存在差异.资料表明:在某些物种中DNA C-值的种内变异有一定的生物学意义,但是在另外一些类群中又不很明确.植物DNA C-值能够用于鉴定某些近缘种及它们的杂交种,对于了解某些类群的内多倍化现象有一定科学价值.

关键词： 转录因子   bHLH   结构功能   表达调控  

摘要： bHLH(basic/helix-loop-helix)转录因子在真核生物的生长发育过程中起着重要的调控作用,它们组成了转录因子中的一个大家族。bHLH转录因子不仅普遍参与了植物的生长发育,包括毛状体的发生、光形态建成和光信号转导,而且在植物响应逆境胁迫和次生代谢方面也具有重要作用。对植物bHLH转录因子的结构特点及其生物学功能进行综述。