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ISBN: (纸本)9787040351552

关键词： DOMESTICATION of animals   SYSTEMS biology   BOTANICAL chemistry   HYDRA (Marine life)   ENZYMES   MOLECULAR biology  

摘要： Specialized (traditionally called 'secondary') metabolism can be thought of as a hydra with hundreds of thousands of compounds produced by thousands of enzymes across the entire plant kingdom. Until recently, plants that produce the most interesting and valuable metabolites were recalcitrant to modern molecular biology approaches for gene and pathway discovery. Recent advances in technologies for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolonnic methods now allow for deployment of 'systems biology' approaches to help elucidate unknown steps in specialized metabolite pathways, for example through co-expression analyses. Inexpensive transcriptome and whole genome sequencing (WGS) promises to provide direct access to metabolic pathways in plants not currently used as reference organisms. For example, WGS has uncovered cases of physical proximity of genes of specialized metabolism. Further integration of multiple 'omics' datasets through advances in bioinformatics tools will increase our knowledge of pathway architecture and regulation at an ever-increasing rate. As such the era of systems biology is rapidly providing a broader and deeper understanding of plant specialized metabolism.

关键词： malaria   antimalarial plants   in vitro antimalarial activity   Costa Rican plants   Plasmodium berghei  

摘要： Treatment with the usual antimalarial drugs, have induced parasite resistance, reinforcing the need to finding natural antimalarial components that would be found on plants from the forest. Therefore, we decided to look for these components in Costa Rican plants from a protected forest area. Fresh and dry extracts of roots, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits of 25 plants from a biological reserve in Costa Rica, Reserva Biologica Alberto Manuel Brenes (REBAMB), were studied in vitro for the presence of substances with antimalarial activity. By studying the inhibition of P. berghei schizogony, we assessed the antimalarial activity of several plant extracts: Aphelandra aurantiaca, A. tridentata (Acanthaceae);Xanthosoma undipes (Araceae);Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae);Neurolaena lobata (Asteraceae);Senna papillosa, Pterocarpus hayessi, Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Fabaceae);Nectandra membranacea, Persea povedae, Cinamomum chavarrianum (Lauraceae);Hampea appendiculata (Malvaceae);Ruagea glabra, Guarea glabra (Meliaceae);Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae);Bocconia frutescens (Papaveraceae);Piper friedrichsthalii (Piperaceae);Clematis dioica (Ranunculaceae);Prunus annularis (Rosaceae);Siparuna thecaphora (Siparunaceae);Solanum arboreum, Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae);Ticodendrum incognitum (Ticodendraceae);Heliocarpus appendiculatus (Tiliaceae) and Myriocarpa longipes (Urticaceae). We used different parts of the plants as well as fresh and dried extracts for testing IC50. The solid content of the extracts ranged from 1-71.9 mu g/mL. The fresh extracts showed stronger activity than the dry ones. Since the plants showing the strongest antimalarial activity are very common in Central America, and some similar genera of these plants have shown positives results in South America, we considered important to present these findings for discussion. On the other hand, this is the first systematic study of this kind ever realized in a circumscribed and protected area of Costa Rica.

关键词： CYTOSKELETON   CELL compartmentation   PLANTS  

摘要： An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including control of plant architecture using cytoskeleton, impacts of cellular compartmentalization and development by signals of plants.

关键词： Chromolaena odorata   Soluble P   Exchangeable bases   Earthworms   Soil enzymatic activities   Guinea savannas  

摘要： This paper attempts to provide a new perception of the weed Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) which is considered as a plague in agriculture or as a soil fertility indicator. The study was conducted in the forest-savanna transition zone of Cte d'Ivoire and aimed to compare soil biological activity and plant nutrient availability under three well-represented vegetation features, including C. odorata lands (ChrO), shrub savannas (ShrS), and grass savannas (GraS). Each of these vegetation features included five plot replicates (50 m x 50 m size) distributed in the landscape. Soil chemical parameters such as pH, organic matter, soluble phosphorus, exchangeable bases, and biological parameters such as abundance and diversity of earthworms, and soil enzymatic activities were investigated. Composite soil samples were collected and analyzed for chemical and microbial parameters while earthworms were sampled using the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility 25 x 25 x 30 cm soil monolith method. A principal component analysis showed a clear demarcation between C. odorata plots and the savanna ones. Soluble P and exchangeable bases were significantly higher under ChrO than under both savannas. Earthworm density was twice higher under ChrO (433.3 +/- A 90.8 ind m(-2)) than under ShrS (173.9 +/- A 61.5 ind m(-2)) and GraS (176.0 +/- A 40.6 ind m(-2)) and this was accounted for by the abundance of detritivores and polyhumics. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities under ChrO (2.9 +/- A 0.2 and 2.5 +/- A 0.3 mu mol pNP g(-1) soil h(-1), respectively) were twice higher than under both savannas. Based on the fact that ChrO and ShrS were located on similar soil types and had the same topographic position, we concluded that the establishment of C. odorata in a savanna land and its subsequent high biomass and quality-litter production were mostly the reasons of the improvement in soil biology and plant nutrient availability. Between-savanna comparison showed that ShrS, with higher CEC and

关键词： GAUCHER'S disease treatment   DRUG approval  

摘要： The article presents information on the approval of Elelyso, the first plant-made drug for treating type 1 Gaucher's disease by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

关键词： 体细胞胚胎发生受体类蛋白激酶   膜富亮氨酸重复序列受体类蛋白激酶   生物功能  

摘要： 体细胞胚胎发生受体类蛋白激酶(Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases,SERKs)属于膜富亮氨酸重复序列受体类蛋白激酶(Leucine-rich repeat sequence receptor-like kinase,LRR-RLK)家族的第二亚类。SERK具有典型的胞外信号受体结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内激酶活性结构域,研究发现SERKs在植物生命活动中承担着多个角色。文章简述了SERKs的典型结构域特征,重点介绍该类蛋白在体细胞胚发生、生殖发育、激素感应和病理反应方面发挥的功能,同时对该蛋白激酶的研究价值和应用前景进行了探讨。

关键词： P/O值   传粉生物学   繁育系统   桂林小花苣苔   阳朔小花苣苔  

摘要： 通过野外观察和室内试验,对两种广西特有的桂林小花苣苔和阳朔小花苣苔的传粉生物学进行比较研究。结果表明:两种报春苣苔属植物花期从7月底至8月初;单花花期内花粉具有较高的活性,最高可达92.6%和94.5%;柱头可授性最高时可达90%和95%;花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)分别为110.28±17.45和229.65±18.00;柱头与花药之间存在着空间隔离,可防止自花授粉;在单花花冠裂片张开后第3天,花药开始散粉,但雌蕊在花朵刚开始开放时已伸长,待第3天时柱头已伸长到位于花冠筒口部,高于花药,便于接受异花花粉;该两种植物均不存在无融合生殖现象;两种报春巨苔属植物均高度自交亲和,但很难发生自发的自花授粉,必须依靠外力,因此传粉媒介对于结实率有重要影响,自然条件下基本不发生自花授粉;在自然状态下结实率明显低于两种人工授粉的结实率;小蜂和淡脉隧蜂是目前已知仅见的两种传粉者。

关键词： 植物生物学   两大课堂   创新型人才  

摘要： 本文从优化课程体系,引入学科最新研究成果拓宽学生知识面;更新教学手段,采用互动模式和策略;强化第二课堂功能,两大课堂良性对接,增强学生创新能力的培养等几方面介绍了作者在"植物生物学"教学中培养创新型生物科学人才的体会。

关键词： Epidemiology   food crops   global distribution   stem canker   taxonomy   toxin   variability  

摘要： Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is an important phytopathogenic fungus, infecting a large number of plant species and surviving for up to 15 years in the soil as a saprophyte. Although considerable research related to the biology and ecology of Macrophomina has been conducted, it continues to cause huge economic losses in many crops. Research is needed to improve the identification and characterization of genetic variability within their epidemiological and pathological niches. Better understanding of the variability within the pathogen population for traits that influence fitness and soil survival will certainly lead to improved management strategies for Macrophomina. In this context, the present review discusses various biological aspects and distribution of M. phaseolina throughout the world and their importance to different plant species. Accurate identification of the fungus has been aided with the use of nucleic acid-based molecular techniques. The development of PCR-based methods for identification and detection of M. phaseolina are highly sensitive and specific. Early diagnosis and accurate detection of pathogens is an essential step in plant disease management as well as quarantine. The progress in the development of various molecular tools used for the detection, identification and characterization of Macrophomina isolates were also discussed.