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关键词： ENDEMIC plants   ORNAMENTAL plants   PLANTS   HISTORY   BIOLOGY   PLANT conservation  

摘要： A thorough review of Oxera pulchella Labill., also called the "royal creeper," was carried out to better understand the amazing story of this almost forgotten New Caledonian ornamental species. The history of this plant is interestingly related to the history of New Caledonia. The literature record's analysis shows that taxonomic placement of the genus Oxera Labill has been widely discussed from its discovery until very recently. This review also offers the opportunity to understand and hypothetize how Oxera pulchella was exported and disseminated worldwide through botanical gardens and private nurseries at the end of the nineteenth century. Along with a review of Oxera pulchella's etymology, vernacular names, iconography, and horticultural fame, this review considers its current taxonomy, horticultural importance, conservation, biology, and various economic issues with a perspective from our ongoing research on this genus of special ornamental potential.

关键词： Chemical biology   Small molecules   Chemical space   Essential pathways   Redundant pathways  

摘要： In addition to their importance as essential agrochemicals and life-saving drugs, small molecules serve as powerful research tools to address questions at all levels of biological complexity from protein function to plant biotic interactions. In certain contexts, chemical tools are complementary or even preferred to genetic analysis, since not all experimental systems are amenable for genetic dissection. For example, mutants impaired in oxygen sensing cannot easily be recovered. Pharmacological and chemical genetics approaches have come to the rescue of biologists in unraveling such genetically intractable systems. In this review, I have discussed my own efforts to analyze oxygen deprivation signaling in plants to illustrate the validity of small molecular approaches in elucidating an essential pathway such as oxygen sensing. Chemical biology is also a potent approach to tease out genetically redundant biological processes. The recent breakthrough in identifying the elusive abscisic acid receptors has clearly demonstrated the power of chemical tools in dissecting redundant pathways and led to the blossoming of this area as a distinct discipline of plant biology research. I present a summary of this work and conclude the review with potential challenges in using chemical tools.

关键词： bioinformatics   comparative genomics   expression analysis   orthology  

摘要： The analysis of gene expression data generated by high-throughput microarray transcript profiling experiments has shown that transcriptionally coordinated genes are often functionally related. Based on large-scale expression compendia grouping multiple experiments, this guilt-by-association principle has been applied to study modular gene programmes, identify cis-regulatory elements or predict functions for unknown genes in different model plants. Recently, several studies have demonstrated how, through the integration of gene homology and expression information, correlated gene expression patterns can be compared between species. The incorporation of detailed functional annotations as well as experimental data describing proteinprotein interactions, phenotypes or tissue specific expression, provides an invaluable source of information to identify conserved gene modules and translate biological knowledge from model organisms to crops. In this review, we describe the different steps required to systematically compare expression data across species. Apart from the technical challenges to compute and display expression networks from multiple species, some future applications of plant comparative transcriptomics are highlighted.

关键词： systems pharmacology   ADME   Traditional Chinese Medicine   cardiovascular diseases  

摘要： Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) involves a broad range of empirical testing and refinement and plays an important role in the health maintenance for people all over the world. However, due to the complexity of Chinese herbs, a full understanding of TCM's action mechanisms is still unavailable despite plenty of successful applications of TCM in the treatment of various diseases, including especially cardiovascular diseases (CVD), one of the leading causes of death. Thus in the present work, by incorporating the chemical predictors, target predictors and network construction approaches, an integrated system of TCM has been constructed to systematically uncover the underlying action mechanisms of TCM. From three representative Chinese herbs, i.e., Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen and Corydalis yanhusuo WT Wang which have been widely used in CVD treatment, by combinational use of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) screening and network pharmacology techniques, we have generated 64 bioactive ingredients and identified 54 protein targets closely associated with CVD, of which 29 are common targets (52.7%) of the three herbs. The result provides new information on the efficiency of the Chinese herbs for the treatment of CVD and also explains one of the basic theories of TCM, i.e., "multiple herbal drugs can treat one disease". The predicted potential targets were then mapped to target-disease and target-signal pathway connections, which revealed the relationships of the active ingredients with their potential targets, diseases and signal systems. This means that for the first time, the action mechanism of these three important Chinese herbs for the treatment of CVD is uncovered, by generating and identifying both their active ingredients and novel targets specifically related to CVD, which clarifies some of the common conceptions in TCM, and thus provides clues to modernize such specific herbal medicines.

关键词： 植物生物学   中国作物学会   生物学领域   教学工作   科研人员   细胞生物   分子生物   植物生理  

摘要： 为展示我国植物生物学研究的最新成果和进展促进植物生物学领域的科研人员之间的交流与合作推动教学工作的开展,中国细胞生物学会、中国遗传学会、中国植物生理与分子生物学会、中国植物学会、中国作物学会联合举办2012全国植物生物学大会.

关键词： 植物生物学   实验教学   教学内容   教学方法  

摘要： 本文根据植物生物学实验教学过程中存在的问题进行了深入的思考,并针对具体问题提出了相应的建议和策略。旨在为今后各高校实验教学提供参考和帮助,从而能够培养更多的新世纪所需要的创新型人才和高素质人才。

关键词： 重要概念   植物体结构层次   课堂教学  

摘要： 关注学科的重要概念是近年来国内外科学教育的重要内容,如何围绕重要概念进行课堂教学,需要不断的实践和思考。就初中"植物体的结构层次"内容,提取出重要概念,并围绕重要概念进行了教学设计、实施和反思。

关键词： 初中生物学   核心概念   呼吸作用  

摘要： 呼吸作用是初中生物学教学核心概念之一,是学生理解新陈代谢概念、高中学习细胞呼吸的基础。教学过程围绕呼吸作用概念的建构而展开,通过4个演示实验展示了概念事实,学生通过观察、思考、讨论、分析、归纳出概念内涵,经过从感性到理性的思维过程构建了概念,最后通过应用知识达到了知识的迁移。

关键词： Molybdenum cofactor   Molybdenum deficiency   Sulfite oxidase   Nitrate reductase   Xanthine dehydrogenase   Aldehyde oxidase  

摘要： The transition element molybdenum (Mo) needs to be complexed by a special cofactor in order to gain catalytic activity. With the exception of bacterial Mo-nitrogenase, where Mo is a constituent of the FeMo-cofactor, Mo is bound to a pterin, thus forming the molybdenum cofactor Moco, which in different variants is the active compound at the catalytic site of all other Mo-containing enzymes. In eukaryotes, the most prominent Mo-enzymes are nitrate reductase, sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and the mitochondrial amidoxime reductase. The biosynthesis of Moco involves the complex interaction of six proteins and is a process of four steps, which also requires iron, ATP and copper. After its synthesis, Moco is distributed to the apoproteins of Mo-enzymes by Moco-carrier/binding proteins. A deficiency in the biosynthesis of Moco has lethal consequences for the respective organisms. In humans, Moco deficiency is a severe inherited inborn error in metabolism resulting in severe neurodegeneration in newborns and causing early childhood death. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals. (C) 2012 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.

关键词： SPACE biology   BOTANICAL research   ARTIFICIAL satellites   SPACE flight  

摘要： In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite, initiating its space exploration programs. Throughout the rest of the twentieth century, the development of these space programs received special attention from Soviet Union authorities. Scientists from the former Soviet Republics, including Lithuania, participated in these programs. From 1971 to 1990, Lithuanians designed more than 20 experiments on higher plant species during space flight. Some of these experiments had never before been attempted and, therefore, made scientific history. However, the formation and development of space plant biology research in Lithuania or its origins, context of formation, and placement in a worldwide context have not been explored from a historical standpoint. By investigating these topics, this paper seeks to construct an image of the development of a very specific field of science in a small former Soviet republic.