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关键词： 植物生物学   教学实习   创新人才  

摘要： 围绕培养学生的创新能力的教学实习目标,从教学实习大纲制订、实习基地建设、教学实习过程的具体实施、成绩评定等方面对植物生物学课程的教学实习进行改革和探索,以提高实践教学质量,培养学生创新思维。

关键词： compost tea   total glucosinolates   total phenolics   total carotenoids   dehydrogenase activity  

摘要： Previous work has demonstrated the potential of compost tea to enhance plant growth and nutritional status. One factor thought to contribute to variability in the efficacy of compost tea is the amount of compost per unit volume of water. To address these gaps in our understanding, two greenhouse trials and two field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of various extraction ratios on the growth, mineral nitrogen (N), and phytonutrient content of pak choi (Brassica rapa, Chinensis) and on soil biological properties. In greenhouse experiments, plants were fertilized with a single rate of chicken manure-based thermophilic compost. In field trials, three fertilizer treatments: I) rendered meat byproduct or Tankage (Island Commodities, Honolulu, HI);2) soluble fertilizer (16:16:16);and 3) chicken manure-based thermophilic compost were applied. Aerated vermicompost teas were prepared using chicken manure-based vermicompost and water at various ratios. Pak choi plants were treated weekly for 4 weeks with 10%, 5%, 3%, and 1% vermicompost teas in the greenhouse experiments and 10% and 5% teas in the field trials. Applications of vermicompost tea significantly increased plant growth, N content, total carotenoids, and total glucosinolates in plant tissue;this response was greatest in chicken manure-fertilized treatments. Increases in yield and phytonutrient content were associated with increased N uptake. Vermicompost tea also increased soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity over the control (water). Plant growth, phytonutrient content, and microbial activities in soil increased with increasing concentrations of vermicompost tea. Within the range of concentrations evaluated (1%-10%), greatest plant growth response was observed with 5% and 10% vermicompost tea, indicating that the optimal water-to-vermicompost ratio for extraction is lower than 50:1 and is likely in the range of 10:1 to 20:1. The findings suggest that vermicompost tea could be used to improve p

关键词： Quercus ilex leaves   DNA and RNA extraction   Genomic DNA   High-quality RNA  

摘要： Isolation of high-quality RNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) from many samples is a necessary step before accomplishing molecular biology studies. The particular composition of Quercus ilex leaves, specially hard and rich in cell wall material, polyphenolics and secondary metabolites, usually results in preparations contaminated with non-nucleic acid compounds. Although many methods have been developed, each case of study demands a protocol adapted to the specific plant sample and the pursued research objectives. We have evaluated several protocols to establish the methodology that best suited to our current genetic and molecular studies on Q. ilex. Our priority was to select the simplest methods reducing the plant starting material and the time employed, without compromising yield, quality and integrity of the isolated nucleic acids. Our results point to two protocols based on silica-membrane purification, as the most convenient for Q. ilex leaf tissue, and both procedures are greatly improved by adding insoluble polyvinyl polypyrrolidone during the isolation process. The protocols optimized here can be completed at the microfuge scale and allow a researcher to process 48 samples in 1 h, producing high quality preparations suitable for the routinely molecular biology applications with higher efficiency than other more labour and time-consuming protocols.

关键词： Sex allocation   Plant-insect interactions   Araceae   Flower evolution   Reproductive strategy  

摘要： The size-advantage model (SAM) explains the temporal variation of energetic investment on reproductive structures (i.e. male and female gametes and reproductive organs) in long-lived hermaphroditic plants and animals. It proposes that an increase in the resources available to an organism induces a higher relative investment on the most energetically costly sexual structures. In plants, pollination interactions are known to play an important role in the evolution of floral features. Because the SAM directly concerns flower characters, pollinators are expected to have a strong influence on the application of the model. This hypothesis, however, has never been tested. Here, we investigate whether the identity and diversity of pollinators can be used as a proxy to predict the application of the SAM in exclusive zoophilous plants. We present a new approach to unravel the dynamics of the model and test it on several widespread Arum (Araceae) species. By identifying the species composition, abundance and spatial variation of arthropods trapped in inflorescences, we show that some species (i.e. A. cylindraceum and A. italicum) display a generalist reproductive strategy, relying on the exploitation of a low number of dipterans, in contrast to the pattern seen in the specialist A. maculatum (pollinated specifically by two fly species only). Based on the model presented here, the application of the SAM is predicted for the first two and not expected in the latter species, those predictions being further confirmed by allometric measures. We here demonstrate that while an increase in the female zone occurs in larger inflorescences of generalist species, this does not happen in species demonstrating specific pollinators. This is the first time that this theory is both proposed and empirically tested in zoophilous plants. Its overall biological importance is discussed through its application in other non-Arum systems.

关键词： Plant sciences   Genetics   Genomics   Developmental biology  

摘要： The article discusses a report from the issue by Nodine and Bartel demonstrating that both maternal and paternal genes are expressed in plant zygotes soon after fertilization. Nearly equal amounts of maternal and parental protein-coding RNA transcripts were found in plant embryos, unlike in animal embryos where the maternal genome is dominant until the zygotic genome is gradually activated.

关键词： 黄槿   生态及生物学特性   开发利用  

摘要： 黄槿是一种具有重要生态、药用和观赏价值的半红树植物,在海岸生态系统中发挥重要作用。对其生态及生物学特性进行研究表明:黄槿属典型阳生性植物,具有较高的光合潜能,适于在热带亚热带地区光照充足的环境中生长。其叶绿素荧光的光合电子传递速率-光响应曲线(RLC)显示,黄槿的相对电子传递速率(rETR)随光合有效辐射(PAR)的升高而逐渐增加,并在PAR 2 751μmol.m-2.s-1时达到最大值,说明其光合系统II在强光照下也能保持较高的电子传递效率。黄槿叶绿素荧光参数显示其具有较高的能量利用效率,叶绿素a/b值(2.44∶1)略低于理论值(3∶1)。黄槿对营养元素的利用率较高,植株体内N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg的加权平均养分含量分别为1.23%、0.23%、1.34%、0.42%、0.24%、0.41%。P含量偏低,在其栽培过程中应及时补充P元素。该研究结果将对黄槿的引种、栽培及开发利用提供重要的理论依据。

关键词： 水稻   株型   模型   调控   植物生物学   分蘖数   农艺性状   科学问题  

摘要： 水稻分蘖是决定产量的重要农艺性状，适当的分蘖数目直接决定水稻的产量。此外，水稻的分蘖也是在植物生物学中决定株型建成的一个核心科学问题。

关键词： 植物化学物   Ⅱ相代谢酶   基因多态性  

摘要： 外源性物质在体内的代谢通常包括Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相反应。Ⅰ相反应主要催化一些外源性物质发生氧化或还原反应,使其生物活性增强或者减弱;Ⅱ相反应主要通过外源性物质与糖苷、硫酸基、氨基酸、谷胱甘肽等的结合反应增强这些物质的水溶性,促使其从机体排出,

关键词： 藏川杨   生物学特性   环境适应性   种源差异  

摘要： 通过对西藏中、南部16个藏川杨种源地环境特征、植株和枝叶形态特征、生长习性等生物学特性的观测比较,发现藏川杨为高大、长寿乔木,株龄逾千年、株高达45 m、冠幅22 m,分布海拔高度2000～4500 m、分布区域跨越湿润、半湿润、半干旱和干旱区,随着分布区环境变化,不同种源藏川杨的树皮、枝条、芽、叶等形态特征呈现规律性变化,空气湿度增加、树干颜色变深、枝条被毛加重、顶生冬芽变窄、叶片长/宽比增加;半湿润区和灌溉区植株的叶面积、枝条长度增加,湿润区、阴湿地或环境条件恶劣地区植株叶片和枝条生长不佳,枝条干湿比相对较小。结果表明:藏川杨具有很强的环境适应能力和可塑性,耐旱,喜光、抗强光辐射,耐贫瘠、喜中性或弱碱性土壤,具有很高的生态和经济价值。

关键词： 异基因造血干细胞移植   移植物抗宿主病   生物学标记物  

摘要： 异基因造血干细胞移植已成功应用于治愈造血系统肿瘤、骨髓衰竭、自身免疫及代谢性疾病,但其成功率及移植后病死率又受到移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的影响。急性GVHD（aGVHD）一直是异基因造血干细胞移植患者发病和致死的主要原因。