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关键词： 中学生物学新课程   植物学实践课   教学改革  

摘要： 本文总结了在中学生物学课程教育教学改革的背景下本校几年来进行植物学实验实习课教学改革与实践所取得的实效及体会。

关键词： 路南海菜花   生物学特性   珍稀濒危   保护  

摘要： 介绍了路南海菜花的生长环境、生态学特征、生物学特征和资源价值,并对这一珍稀物种更加合理地保护提出了建议。

关键词： 女性更年期   植物雌激素   染料木素   生物学功能   genistein   雌激素依赖性疾病   更年期综合征   激素替代疗法  

摘要： 更年期作为雌激素依赖性疾病，如及时补充雌激素，可延缓更年期、避免或减轻更年期综合征的发生。激素替代疗法（HRT）的副作用已成为更年期疾病研究的瓶颈，表现在与雌激素对其受体亚型ERα激动有关。研究证实，染料木素（genistein）是目前国际上公认的天然植物雌激素。本文就genistein的理化性质、药动学研究、对女性更年期相关疾病的生物防治以及作用机制、安全性等进行归纳，为相关研究提供参考。

关键词： 桃儿七   药用植物   人工栽培   甘南高原  

摘要： 简述了甘南高原药用植物桃儿七的生物学特性、人工栽培技术和采收加工,通过人工栽培可减少药农对野生桃儿七的滥挖滥采,保护野生珍稀植物,且为农牧民带来可观的经济收入,从而促使该地区农牧民进行大面积栽培和推广种植。

关键词： 光合作用   光响应修正模型   光饱和项   光抑制项   光系统II  

摘要： 植物光合作用对光响应修正模型被广泛应用于植物光合特性的研究,但该模型中系数的生物学意义不清楚。通过分析,认为植物光响应修正模型中系数分别为光抑制项和光饱和项。通过量纲分析,植物光响应修正模型中光抑制项和光饱和项的生物学意义是光系统II天线色素分子光量子吸收截面与其处于激发态平均寿命的乘积。光系统II天线色素分子处于激发态的平均寿命较长且光量子吸收截面较小,则不利于光量子的吸收;如果光系统II天线色素分子的光量子吸收截面较大且其激发态的平均寿命较短,则有利于光量子的吸收。研究结果表明:如果光饱和项系数大且光抑制项系数也大,则植物越容易受抑制;如果光饱和项系数小且光抑制项系数也小,则植物越不容易发生光抑制。

关键词： X-ray fluorescence   Tomography   Speciation   Functional genomics   Plants   Metals  

摘要： Functional characterisation of the genes regulating metal(loid) homeostasis in plants is a major focus for phytoremediation, crop biofortification and food security research. Recent advances in X-ray focussing optics and fluorescence detection have greatly improved the potential to use synchrotron techniques in plant science research. With use of methods such as micro X-ray fluorescence mapping, micro computed tomography and micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, metal(loids) can be imaged in vivo in hydrated plant tissues at submicron resolution, and laterally resolved metal(loid) speciation can also be determined under physiologically relevant conditions. This article focuses on the benefits of combining molecular biology and synchrotron-based techniques. By using molecular techniques to probe the location of gene expression and protein production in combination with laterally resolved synchrotron techniques, one can effectively and efficiently assign functional information to specific genes. A review of the state of the art in this field is presented, together with examples as to how synchrotron-based methods can be combined with molecular techniques to facilitate functional characterisation of genes in planta. The article concludes with a summary of the technical challenges still remaining for synchrotron-based hard X-ray plant science research, particularly those relating to subcellular level research.

关键词： Fasciola   Cysteine peptidase   Cathepsin   RNAi   Proteomics   Transcriptomics  

摘要： Fasciola hepatica is a food-borne parasite of animals and humans. It secretes a large family of cysteine peptidases, termed cathepsins, that are important virulence factors. Here, we discuss how advances in molecular technologies have helped to probe the function of liver fluke cathepsins, and consider how evolving systems/molecular biology approaches can continue to inform our understanding of these important parasite enzymes. (C) 2011 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

关键词： EST sequencing   gene expression   haustorium   parasitic plant evolution   parasitic weeds   RNA-seq   transcriptome sequencing   weed genomics  

摘要： The Parasitic Plant Genome Project has sequenced transcripts from three parasitic species and a nonparasitic relative in the Orobanchaceae with the goal of understanding genetic changes associated with parasitism. The species studied span the trophic spectrum from free-living nonparasite to obligate holoparasite. Parasitic species used were Triphysaria versicolor, a photosynthetically competent species that opportunistically parasitizes roots of neighboring plants;Striga hermonthica, a hemiparasite that has an obligate need for a host;and Orobanche aegyptiaca, a holoparasite with absolute nutritional dependence on a host. Lindenbergia philippensis represents the closest nonparasite sister group to the parasitic Orobanchaceae and was included for comparative purposes. Tissues for transcriptome sequencing from each plant were gathered to identify expressed genes for key life stages from seed conditioning through anthesis. Two of the species studied, S. hermonthica and O. aegyptiaca, are economically important weeds and the data generated by this project are expected to aid in research and control of these species and their relatives. The sequences generated through this project will provide an abundant resource of molecular markers for understanding population dynamics, as well as provide insight into the biology of parasitism and advance progress toward understanding parasite virulence and host resistance mechanisms. In addition, the sequences provide important information on target sites for herbicide action or other novel control strategies such as trans-specific gene silencing. Nomenclature: Egyptian broomrape, Orobanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) (Syn. Phelipanche aegyptiaca) ORAAE;Lindenbergia philippensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. LINPH;yellowbeak owl's-clover, Triphysaria versicolor (Fisch. & CA. Mey) TRVEV;purple witchweed, Striga hermonthica, (Del.) Bench. STRHE.

关键词： ACAULIS5   Arabidopsis thaliana   Auxin   2   4-D   Thermospermine   Xylem differentiation  

摘要： Thermospermine, a structural isomer of spermine, is produced through the action of ACAULIS5 (ACL5) and suppresses xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. To elucidate the molecular basis of the function of thermospermine, we screened chemical libraries for compounds that can modulate xylem differentiation in the acl5 mutant, which is deficient in thermospermine and shows a severe dwarf phenotype associated with excessive proliferation of xylem vessels. We found that the isooctyl ester of a synthetic auxin, 2,4-D, remarkably enhanced xylem vessel differentiation in acl5 seedlings. 2,4-D, 2,4-D analogs and IAA analogs, including 4-chloro IAA (4-Cl-IAA) and IAA ethyl ester, also enhanced xylem vessel formation, while IAA alone had little or no obvious effect on xylem differentiation. These effects of auxin analogs were observed only in the acl5 mutant but not in the wild type, and were suppressed by the anti-auxin, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) and alpha-(phenyl ethyl-2-one)-IAA (PEO-IAA), and also by thermospermine. Furthermore, the suppressor of acaulis51-d (sac51-d) mutation, which causes SAC51 overexpression in the absence of thermospermine and suppresses the dwarf phenotype of acl5, also suppressed the effect of auxin analogs in acl5. These results suggest that the auxin signaling that promotes xylem differentiation is normally limited by SAC51-mediated thermospermine signaling but can be continually stimulated by exogenous auxin analogs in the absence of thermospermine. The opposite action between thermospermine and auxin may fine-tune the timing and spatial pattern of xylem differentiation.

关键词： 植物生物学   实践教学   应用型创新人才  

摘要： 植物生物学是生物类专业及农、林院校学生的必修基础课。本文结合教学实践经验,从整合教学内容、改善教学手段、改革教学方式、引入创新项目等方面对植物生物学实践教学进行了探讨,以期提高植物生物学课程教学质量,培养具有较高科研素养的创新型人才。