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关键词： evolutionary pattern and process   ontogeny and phylogeny   paleontology   regulatory genetics  

摘要： Paleontology yields essential evidence for inferring not only the pattern of evolution, but also the genetic basis of evolution within an ontogenetic framework. Plant fossils provide evidence for the pattern of plant evolution in the form of transformational series of structure through time. Developmentally diagnostic structural features that serve as "fingerprints" of regulatory genetic pathways also are preserved by plant fossils, and here we provide examples of how those fingerprints can be used to infer the mechanisms by which plant form and development have evolved. When coupled with an understanding of variations and systematic distributions of specific regulatory genetic pathways, this approach provides an avenue for testing evolutionary hypotheses at the organismal level that is analogous to employing bioinformatics to explore genetics at the genomic level. The positions where specific genes, gene families, and developmental regulatory mechanisms first appear in phylogenies are correlated with the positions where fossils with the corresponding structures occur on the tree, thereby yielding testable hypotheses that extend our understanding of the role of developmental changes in the evolution of the body plans of vascular plant sporophytes. As a result, we now have new and powerful methodologies for characterizing major evolutionary changes in morphology, anatomy, and physiology that have resulted from combinations of genetic regulatory changes and that have produced the synapomorphies by which we recognize major clades of plants.

关键词： Plant cells   deployment   Genes   Macromolecular Complexes   transient expression   plants   Matter   multiple genes   synthetic biology  

摘要： Recent developments in transient expression methods have enabled the efficient delivery and expression of multiple genes within the same plant cell over a timescale of days. In some cases, the vectors deployed can be fine-tuned to allow differential expression of the various genes. This has opened the way to the deployment of transient expression for such applications as the production of macromolecular complexes and the analysis and manipulation of metabolic pathways. The ability to observe the effect of gene expression in a matter of days means that transient expression is becoming the method of choice for many plant-based synthetic biology applications.

关键词： Heterologous   synthetic biology   Microbes   Biosynthetic Pathways   metabolic engineering   isoprenoids  

摘要： The value associated with plant-derived products has spurred efforts to engineer new production routes. One such option is heterologous biosynthesis which requires reconstitution of a biosynthetic pathway in a host that provides both innate and developed cellular advantages relative to the native producer. This review will summarize success to date in heterologously producing plant-derived isoprenoid products when using hosts such as E. coli and yeast. The article will also address the significant challenges that face such efforts, the approaches that have been used to overcome obstacles, and the tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology being applied both in the course of establishing heterologous biosynthesis and optimizing final production metrics.

关键词： Engineers   DNA assembly   speed   plant genome   EQUIPMENT   synthetic DNA   Botany   new methods   functional/structural genomics   DNA   Plant Biology   synthetic biology  

摘要： As the speed and accuracy of genome sequencing improves, there are ever-increasing resources available for the design and construction of synthetic DNA parts. These can be used to engineer plant genomes to produce new functions or to elucidate the function of endogenous sequences. Until recently the assembly of amplified or cloned sequences into large and complex designs was a limiting step in plant synthetic biology and biotechnology. A number of new methods for assembling DNA molecules have been developed in the last few years, several of which have been applied to the production of molecules used to modify plant genomes.

关键词： abiotic stress   drought stress   hypersensitive response (HR)   nitric oxide (NO)   plant development   plant disease resistance   root development   S-nitrosylation  

摘要： Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous, redox-active small molecule, is gradually becoming established as a central regulator of growth, development, immunity and environmental interactions in plants. A major route for the transfer of NO bioactivity is S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). This chemical transformation is rapidly emerging as a prototypic, redox-based post-translational modification integral to the life of plants. Here we review the myriad roles of NO and SNOs in plant biology and, where known, the molecular mechanisms underpining their activity.

关键词： BOTANY   NONFICTION  

关键词： K+ transport   Shaker channels   HAK/KUP/KT transporters   HKT transporters   Dicots/monocots  

摘要： Cloning and characterizations of plant K+ transport systems aside from Arabidopsis have been increasing over the past decade, favored by the availability of more and more plant genome sequences. Information now available enables the comparison of some of these systems between species. In this review, we focus on three families of plant K+ transport systems that are active at the plasma membrane: the Shaker K+ channel family, comprised of voltage-gated channels that dominate the plasma membrane conductance to K+ in most environmental conditions, and two families of transporters, the HAK/KUP/KT K+ transporter family, which includes some high-affinity transporters, and the HKT K+ and/or Na+ transporter family, in which K+-permeable members seem to be present in monocots only. The three families are briefly described, giving insights into the structure of their members and on functional properties and their roles in Arabidopsis or rice. The structure of the three families is then compared between plant species through phylogenic analyses. Within clusters of ortologues/paralogues, similarities and differences in terms of expression pattern, functional properties and, when known, regulatory interacting partners, are highlighted. The question of the physiological significance of highlighted differences is also addressed. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

关键词： 植物生物学   园林   自主-合作学习   独立学院  

摘要： 在分析独立学院园林专业《植物生物学》教学方法的基础上,本文提出了"自主—合作"学习教学模式,从创设情境,采用现场教学和课堂讲授相结合的教学方式,团队合作,任务驱动法教学等方面,改变传统的教师主导课堂的方法,提高了教学质量。

关键词： 光质生物学   植物工厂   发光二极管(LED)  

摘要： 作为设施园艺的最高形式,基于植物生物学需求特性实施高精度环境智能控制的发光二极管(LED)光源植物工厂发展迅猛。本文简述植物光生物学和植物光质生物学的概念与内涵,总结半导体光源LED的发展及农用光谱特征,分析LED光源在植物光质生物学研究和植物工厂栽培中的作用,讨论了植物光质生物学的研究现状与研究方向,认为植物光质生物学在植物工厂高效生产中起着基础性作用。