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关键词： European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS)   Gravitational biology   International Space Station (ISS)   Microgravity   Phototropism   Space biology  

摘要： The microgravity environment aboard orbiting spacecraft has provided a unique laboratory to explore topics in basic plant biology as well as applied research on the use of plants in bioregenerative life support systems. Our group has utilized the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to study plant growth, development, tropisms, and gene expression in a series of spaceflight experiments. The most current project performed on the ISS was termed Seedling Growth-1 (SG-1) which builds on the previous TROPI (for tropisms) experiments performed in 2006 and 2010. Major technical and operational changes in SG-1 (launched in March 2013) compared to the TROPI experiments include: (1) improvements in lighting conditions within the EMCS to optimize the environment for phototropism studies, (2) the use of infrared illumination to provide high-quality images of the seedlings, (3) modifications in procedures used in flight to improve the focus and overall quality of the images, and (4) changes in the atmospheric conditions in the EMCS incubator. In SG-1, a novel red-light-based phototropism in roots and hypocotyls of seedlings that was noted in TROPI was confirmed and now can be more precisely characterized based on the improvements in procedures. The lessons learned from sequential experiments in the TROPI hardware provide insights to other researchers developing space experiments in plant biology. (C) 2013 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 寄主植物   病原细菌   共生细菌  

摘要： 基于《微生物学通报》创刊40年来发表的植物相关细菌研究论文的数量与内容,对该领域研究在国际和国内的发展进行了初步总结和对比。提出了学术期刊与研究方向相互合作,共同提高的可能方式。

关键词： Nematode effectors   genomics   host–pathogen interaction   parasitism genes   Pratylenchus   resistance   RNAi   root lesion nematode   transcriptome  

摘要： Plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus are among the top three most significant nematode pests of crop and horticultural plants worldwide. There are more than 70 described species, most are polyphagous with a wide range of host plants. Because they do not form obvious feeding patterns characteristic of sedentary endoparasites (e.g. galls or cysts), and all worm-like stages are mobile and can enter and leave host roots, it is more difficult to recognise their presence and the damage they cause. As a result their study has been relatively neglected, despite being the major nematode pests of staple crops such as wheat in dryland agriculture in Australia and the Pacific Northwest of the USA. The current status of molecular research on Pratylenchus spp. is described, including molecular diagnostics for their detection in soil samples, the status of breeding for resistance or tolerance, transcriptome data from deep sequencing, and their amenability to powerful new transgenic strategies for control using gene silencing ( RNAi) technology. A comparison of the repertoire of enzymes and putative effectors used by Pratylenchus species to enter roots, migrate from cell-to-cell, suppress host defence responses and feed successfully with those present in sedentary endoparasites provides new insights into which effectors are required for migratory phases versus feeding site induction for sedentary endoparasites. The genomics era has finally arrived for Pratylenchus species, and it can be predicted that new genomic information will lead to new strategies to control this neglected but economically important group of plant pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Autotrophy   Cymbidium   Hybrid   In vitro flowering   Mycoheterotrophy   Sonication  

摘要： Among land plants, which generally exhibit autotrophy through photosynthesis, about 880 species are mycoheterotrophs, dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for their carbon supply. Shifts in nutritional mode from autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy are usually accompanied by evolution of various combinations of characters related to structure and physiology, e.g., loss of foliage leaves and roots, reduction in seed size, degradation of plastid genome, and changes in mycorrhizal association and pollination strategy. However, the patterns and processes involved in such alterations are generally unknown. Hybrids between autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plants may provide a breakthrough in molecular studies on the evolution of mycoheterotrophy. We have produced the first hybrid between autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plant species using the orchid group Cymbidium. The autotrophic Cymbidium ensifolium subsp. haematodes and mycoheterotrophic C. macrorhizon were artificially pollinated, and aseptic germination of the hybrid seeds obtained was promoted by sonication. In vitro flowering was observed five years after seed sowing. Development of foliage leaves, an important character for photosynthesis, segregated in the first generation;that is, some individuals only developed scale leaves on the rhizome and flowering stems. However, all of the flowering plants formed roots, which is identical to the maternal parent.

关键词： Disulfides   Peptides and proteins   Monomers   Membranes   Chemical structure  

摘要： Cyclotides stand out as the largest family of circular proteins of plant origin hitherto known, with more than 280 sequences isolated at peptide level and many more predicted from gene sequences. Their unusual stability resulting from the signature cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif has triggered a broad interest in these molecules for potential therapeutic and agricultural applications. Since the time of the first cyclotide discovery, our laboratory in Uppsala has been engaged in cyclotide discovery as well as the development of protocols to isolate and characterize these seamless peptides. We have also developed methods to chemically synthesize cyclotides by Fmoc-SPPS, which are useful in protein grafting applications. In this review, experience in cyclotide research over two decades and the recent literature related to their structures, synthesis, and folding as well the recent proof-of-concept findings on their use as "epitope" stabilizing scaffolds are summarized.

关键词： Aerobiology   Airborne pollen count   Allergenic ornamental plants   Parks and gardens  

摘要： A number of ornamental plant species produce pollen grains with allergenic properties, thus posing a potential risk to human health. A comparative study of the ecological and aerobiological characteristics of ornamental urban flora in four Andalusian cities revealed the presence of over 100 potentially allergenic ornamental plant species. Most of these were phanerophytes, and species of Asiatic origin predominated, followed by Mediterranean and American species. However, not all potentially allergenic ornamental plants were of aerobiological significance, since some produce only small amounts of pollen, while others were infrequent or were located at a considerable distance from the sampler. Even so, when designing new urban parks and gardens, every effort should be made to ensure maximum species variability avoiding the excessive use of any single species.

关键词： 生物学   中科院   逆境   植物   上海   人生   质谱   科技进步  

摘要： 我坚持的原则是工作时尽心尽责，全力以赴，工作之余则尽情享受。每当回顾过往光阴，我都觉得自己的年华没有虚度，回国后的忙碌，更是让我感受到生活的充实与快乐!能为祖国的发展、为人类科技进步作出一点贡献，是我此生最大的心愿。

关键词： 植物乳杆菌CCFM8661   微生物学性质   发酵乳   发酵豆奶  

摘要： 目的研究植物乳杆菌CCFM8661的微生物学性质和应用性质。方法分析不同环境因素如温度、pH、食盐等对其的影响,并探究植物乳杆菌CCFM8661用于发酵乳和发酵豆奶中的应用。结果植物乳杆菌CCFM8661是一株嗜温性细菌,最适生长温度在32℃,最适起始生长pH在6.5。在液体MRS培养基中在32℃条件下,最大活菌浓度为4.8×109 cfu/mL。CCFM8661能耐受的最高食盐浓度为8.5%(w/w)。CCFM8661可以作为补充发酵剂用于酸乳制作,对酸乳菌种的生长无抑制作用,同时对酸乳产品的理化指标、感官与质构指标无有害影响。结论植物乳杆菌CCFM8661在豆乳中生长和产酸良好,可作为发酵剂用于酸豆乳的制作。

关键词： 丫蕊花   药材资源   生物学特性  

摘要： 目的通过丫蕊花的植物形态、内部结构和生态适应性等进行生物学特性研究。方法实地调查和测量、常规石蜡切片法。结果丫蕊花具有阴性植物的结构和特征;叶肉组织为薄壁细胞没有栅栏组织和海绵组织之分,皮层中有维管束可见根迹维管束,内皮层为周木型维管束;丫蕊花适于生长在湿度为70%以上的林下、路旁湿地、沟边、瀑布岩崖上或有足够遮阴的荒地上。结论丫蕊花的生物学特性可为合理的开发、利用和GAP规范化种植提供理论依据。

关键词： 转基因工程   基因改良   展望  

摘要： 分子生物学是现代发展起来的一门新兴科学,其以微生物为研究对象,相比较而言,对于木本植物的研究发展则比较慢。近年来在木本植物的育种培育上逐渐运用上则取得了实质性的突破。此外,科研实践表明转基因的木本植物不仅能够提高植物自身的抗性,还对抵抗环境污染加速世代交替等方面效果显著。尤为重要的是,随着木本植物转基因技术的应用,植物在维持生态平衡也发挥着不可估量的作用。以此我们可以来研究当前分子标记技术木本植物科学研究的进展,对分子生物学研究中出现的问题来进行讨论,为科学研究提供参考。