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关键词： 热激蛋白70   基因家族   分子伴侣   调控机制   进化分析  

摘要： 植物热激蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,Hsp70)是热激蛋白家族中保守、普遍表达的家族,有两个主要功能区:N端核酸结合区和C端底物结合区。通常Hsp70具有分子伴侣功能,参与新生蛋白的折叠、转运、重折叠变性蛋白、协助降解变性蛋白;Hsp70不仅受高温胁迫诱导,且受其它多种胁迫诱导;同时,Hsp70参与植物正常发育过程。Hsp70基因分布广泛,序列高度保守,在植物基因组中以基因家族形式存在,最近广泛用于遗传多样性和系统发育研究。文章对植物中Hsp70的基因家族、结构、表达调控机制和生物学功能进行了综述。

关键词： 细胞生物学   竞赛试题   奥林匹克   植物学   国际   离子化合物   必需元素   混合物  

摘要： 理论Ⅱ整套试题总分：93．4分，时间：180min可能是多选题，每个空格都需要填写。例如：注意：一些问题可能标记为“忽略”或“删除”。不要回答这些内容。细胞生物学1．从一个学校的不同地方收集到4种微生物的混合物，每个微生物混合物培养在一个含有除碳之外的所有必需元素（离子化合物形式）的培养基中。

关键词： 掌叶木   开花生物学   繁育系统   花性别  

摘要： 通过野外观察、杂交指数估算、授粉特性分析及人工控制授粉试验等方法对珍稀濒危植物掌叶木(Handeliodendron bodinieri)开花生物学特性和繁育系统进行研究。结果表明:(1)掌叶木每年开花1次,花期在4月下旬到5月中下旬,开花的起止时间及花期的长短受当地气候影响较大;(2)花多为假两性花,即形态上为雌、雄蕊完整的两性花,而功能上为雌、雄蕊选择性败育形成的单性花,偶见雌、雄蕊可育的真两性花植株;单性花通常雌、雄异株,且雌株较雄株少,花序较雄株短5.6 cm,花期也较雄株短2周左右,雄株花序上偶尔见雌花单花;(3)单花经历萌动、露白、展开、盛开、凋落5个阶段,历时5~6 d;雄花从萌动到开花1 d的花粉活力高达90.5%,开花2 d后活力显著下降;雌花柱头在展开前部分具可授性,展开后1~3 d均具可授性,花粉活力与柱头可授性重叠;(4)雄花单花花粉量为51 461个,雌花单花胚珠数6,花粉胚珠比(P/O)为8 577,杂交指数为4,结合人工授粉、套袋、套网和自然授粉坐果率判断,掌叶木繁育系统为专性异交,传粉过程需要传粉者,可能存在无融合生殖。(5)掌叶木花性别分化复杂,可孕花数量较不孕花少,可育雌、雄蕊存在较大的空间隔离,加之不稳定的传粉环境,可能是其濒危的重要生殖生物学原因。

关键词： 园林植物与观赏园艺   分子生物学   实验教学   改革  

摘要： 分子生物学是以分子水平研究生命本质为目的的一门新兴学科。目前,分子生物学实验技术已广泛应用到农业院校各类生物学专业的教学和科研工作中。在当前高等教育改革不断深入的大形势下,研究生的分子生物学实验教学改革也随之深入,对教学工作也提出了新的要求。近些年,我们为此调研过多所院校,再结合园林植物与观赏园艺专业自身所存在的问题,对分子生物学实验教学优化其实验教学内容、考核方式并完善研究生分子生物学综合实验教学平台。在分子生物学实验教学一线实验教师的不断努力下,在此方面也取得了一定的改革成效。

关键词： 植物精油   生物学功能   禽生产  

摘要： 植物精油是从植物中提取的挥发性芳香油混合物,具有抗菌、杀虫、抗氧化、免疫调节、促消化等作用,被广泛用作畜禽饲料添加剂。本文对植物精油的生物学功能及其在禽生产中的应用研究作一综述。

关键词： synthetic biology   sequence-specific nuclease   zinc-finger nuclease   TALEN   CRISPR/Cas   genome engineering  

摘要： Synthetic biology seeks to create new biological systems, including user-designed plants and plant cells. These systems can be employed for a variety of purposes, ranging from producing compounds of industrial or therapeutic value, to reducing crop losses by altering cellular responses to pathogens or climate change. To realize the full potential of plant synthetic biology, techniques are required that provide control over the genetic code - enabling targeted modifications to DNA sequences within living plant cells. Such control is now within reach owing to recent advances in the use of sequence-specific nucleases to precisely engineer genomes. We discuss here the enormous potential provided by genome engineering for plant synthetic biology.

关键词： 植物   发育生物学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787307151086

摘要： 本书内容包括：植物形态发育的组织、细胞和分子基础；光和激素在植物发育中的作用；植物开花决定与花型决定；高等植物的性别决定和生殖器官的发育；植物的传粉和受精等。

关键词： Early-diverging angiosperm   embryo   endosperm   evo-devo   female gametophyte   flower biology   megagametogenesis   megasporogenesis   Nymphaea thermarum   Nymphaeales   perisperm   protogyny   seed development   stigma  

摘要： Background and Aims Nymphaea thermarum is a member of the Nymphaeales, of one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants. This species was only recently described and then declared extinct in the wild, so little is known about its reproductive biology. In general, the complete ontogeny of ovules and seeds is not well documented among species of Nymphaea and has never been studied in the subgenus Brachyceras, the clade to which N. thermarum belongs. Methods Flowers and fruits were processed for brightfield, epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Flower morphology, with emphasis on the timing of male and female functions, was correlated with key developmental stages of the ovule and the female gametophyte. Development of the seed tissues and dynamics of polysaccharide reserves in the endosperm, perisperm and embryo were examined. Key Results Pollen release in N. thermarum starts before the flower opens. Cell walls of the micropylar nucellus show layering of callose and cellulose in a manner reminiscent of transfer cell wall patterning. Endosperm development is ab initio cellular, with micropylar and chalazal domains that embark on distinct developmental trajectories. The surrounding maternal perisperm occupies the majority of seed volume and accumulates starch centrifugally. In mature seeds, a minute but fully developed embryo is surrounded by a single, persistent layer of endosperm. Conclusions Early male and female function indicate that N. thermarum is predisposed towards self-pollination, a phenomenon that is likely to have evolved multiple times within Nymphaea. While formation of distinct micropylar and chalazal developmental domains in the endosperm, along with a copious perisperm, characterize the seeds of most members of the Nymphaeales, seed ontogenies vary between and among the constituent families. Floral biology, life history traits and small genome size make N. thermarum uniquely promising as an early-diverging angiosperm model system for genetic

关键词： Desmodium adscendens   Isovitexin 2 ''-O-xyloside   Vitexin 2 ''-O-xyloside   HSQC-DEPT   HPLC-DAD  

摘要： The antioxidant activity of the crude extract (60% ethanol) from the leaves of Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. (Fabaceae) was observed in DPPH, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxydation and neutrophils burst tests. Further activity-guided fractionation on C18 column (water, 20% methanol, 50% methanol and 100% methanol) resulted in the separation of the fraction (50% methanol) with the highest antioxidant capacity. HPLC-DAD analysis of biologically active fraction revealed the presence of two pairs of flavonoid isomers as the dominant constituents. Those compounds were isolated and purified by multi-step liquid column chromatography (Sephadex LH20). Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques, including NMR, UV and MS. Based on 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as ion fragmentation, flavonoids were identified as: isovitexin 2"-O-xyloside (1), vitexin 2"-O-xyloside (2), vitexin (3) and isovitexin (4). The hybrid HSQC-DEPT technique provided very fast determination of the glycosylation positions in aglycone and the type of glycosidic bond in the flavonoid isomers. This study provides novel information concerning identity of the major compounds present in the leaves of D. adscendens cultivated in Ghana, which broadens the knowledge about anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and antioxidant properties of their extracts. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.