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关键词： 园林植物与观赏园艺   分子生物学   实验教学   改革  

摘要： 分子生物学是以分子水平研究生命本质为目的的一门新兴学科。目前,分子生物学实验技术已广泛应用到农业院校各类生物学专业的教学和科研工作中。在当前高等教育改革不断深入的大形势下,研究生的分子生物学实验教学改革也随之深入,对教学工作也提出了新的要求。近些年,我们为此调研过多所院校,再结合园林植物与观赏园艺专业自身所存在的问题,对分子生物学实验教学优化其实验教学内容、考核方式并完善研究生分子生物学综合实验教学平台。在分子生物学实验教学一线实验教师的不断努力下,在此方面也取得了一定的改革成效。

关键词： 植物精油   生物学功能   禽生产  

摘要： 植物精油是从植物中提取的挥发性芳香油混合物,具有抗菌、杀虫、抗氧化、免疫调节、促消化等作用,被广泛用作畜禽饲料添加剂。本文对植物精油的生物学功能及其在禽生产中的应用研究作一综述。

关键词： synthetic biology   sequence-specific nuclease   zinc-finger nuclease   TALEN   CRISPR/Cas   genome engineering  

摘要： Synthetic biology seeks to create new biological systems, including user-designed plants and plant cells. These systems can be employed for a variety of purposes, ranging from producing compounds of industrial or therapeutic value, to reducing crop losses by altering cellular responses to pathogens or climate change. To realize the full potential of plant synthetic biology, techniques are required that provide control over the genetic code - enabling targeted modifications to DNA sequences within living plant cells. Such control is now within reach owing to recent advances in the use of sequence-specific nucleases to precisely engineer genomes. We discuss here the enormous potential provided by genome engineering for plant synthetic biology.

关键词： 植物   发育生物学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787307151086

摘要： 本书内容包括：植物形态发育的组织、细胞和分子基础；光和激素在植物发育中的作用；植物开花决定与花型决定；高等植物的性别决定和生殖器官的发育；植物的传粉和受精等。

关键词： Early-diverging angiosperm   embryo   endosperm   evo-devo   female gametophyte   flower biology   megagametogenesis   megasporogenesis   Nymphaea thermarum   Nymphaeales   perisperm   protogyny   seed development   stigma  

摘要： Background and Aims Nymphaea thermarum is a member of the Nymphaeales, of one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants. This species was only recently described and then declared extinct in the wild, so little is known about its reproductive biology. In general, the complete ontogeny of ovules and seeds is not well documented among species of Nymphaea and has never been studied in the subgenus Brachyceras, the clade to which N. thermarum belongs. Methods Flowers and fruits were processed for brightfield, epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Flower morphology, with emphasis on the timing of male and female functions, was correlated with key developmental stages of the ovule and the female gametophyte. Development of the seed tissues and dynamics of polysaccharide reserves in the endosperm, perisperm and embryo were examined. Key Results Pollen release in N. thermarum starts before the flower opens. Cell walls of the micropylar nucellus show layering of callose and cellulose in a manner reminiscent of transfer cell wall patterning. Endosperm development is ab initio cellular, with micropylar and chalazal domains that embark on distinct developmental trajectories. The surrounding maternal perisperm occupies the majority of seed volume and accumulates starch centrifugally. In mature seeds, a minute but fully developed embryo is surrounded by a single, persistent layer of endosperm. Conclusions Early male and female function indicate that N. thermarum is predisposed towards self-pollination, a phenomenon that is likely to have evolved multiple times within Nymphaea. While formation of distinct micropylar and chalazal developmental domains in the endosperm, along with a copious perisperm, characterize the seeds of most members of the Nymphaeales, seed ontogenies vary between and among the constituent families. Floral biology, life history traits and small genome size make N. thermarum uniquely promising as an early-diverging angiosperm model system for genetic

关键词： Desmodium adscendens   Isovitexin 2 ''-O-xyloside   Vitexin 2 ''-O-xyloside   HSQC-DEPT   HPLC-DAD  

摘要： The antioxidant activity of the crude extract (60% ethanol) from the leaves of Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. (Fabaceae) was observed in DPPH, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxydation and neutrophils burst tests. Further activity-guided fractionation on C18 column (water, 20% methanol, 50% methanol and 100% methanol) resulted in the separation of the fraction (50% methanol) with the highest antioxidant capacity. HPLC-DAD analysis of biologically active fraction revealed the presence of two pairs of flavonoid isomers as the dominant constituents. Those compounds were isolated and purified by multi-step liquid column chromatography (Sephadex LH20). Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques, including NMR, UV and MS. Based on 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as ion fragmentation, flavonoids were identified as: isovitexin 2"-O-xyloside (1), vitexin 2"-O-xyloside (2), vitexin (3) and isovitexin (4). The hybrid HSQC-DEPT technique provided very fast determination of the glycosylation positions in aglycone and the type of glycosidic bond in the flavonoid isomers. This study provides novel information concerning identity of the major compounds present in the leaves of D. adscendens cultivated in Ghana, which broadens the knowledge about anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and antioxidant properties of their extracts. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 抗坏血酸   生理功能   细胞周期   成花诱导   光合作用  

摘要： 抗坏血酸是水溶性抗氧化有机小分子,在植物中广泛存在,并可作为某些氧化还原酶的辅酶。本文主要综述了抗坏血酸在植物中的合成、转运和所参与的多种生理作用,如细胞周期调控、成花诱导、光合结构保护、碳代谢和胁迫响应等,并对今后植物中抗坏血酸的相关研究提出展望。

关键词： gametophyte   sexual expression   spore viability   young sporophyte  

摘要： Aglaomorpha cornucopia (Copel.) M.C. Roos is an endemic and rare epiphytic fern from the Philippines. Ex situ germplasm storage and growth are important complementary tools for conserving this rare fern. This study was conducted to document the reproductive biology of this species. Mature sporophylls of A. cornucopia were collected in May, 2012 from Mt. Apo, the Philippines. Each sporangium bore 64 yellow, monolete spores. The average spore size was 49.3 +/- 3.7 mm. Fresh spores germinated 100% within one week of sowing (mean germination time (MGT) <1 week). Air-dried mature spores remained completely viable even after one year of storage at 3 degrees C, although mean germination time was somewhat delayed (MGT=51.4 weeks). Spore germination was of the Vittaria-type, whereas gametophyte development was of the Drynaria-type. Adult gametophytes were cordiform-annual and gametangia were of the leptosporangiate type. Unicellular papillate hairs appeared on marginal, dorsal, and ventral surfaces of the gametophytes. Gametophytes first produced antheridia and archegonia after seven weeks of culture. Gametophytes began to sexually produce sporophytes after 13 weeks of culture. The rate of sporophyte production reached 64% after 26 weeks culture. Results of this study suggest that cold temperature spore storage and in vitro culture offer reliable techniques for conserving this rare fern.

关键词： Plasma membrane   Reactive oxygen species   Oxidative stress   Ion channels   Plant cell signaling   Programed cell death  

摘要： Oxidative stress is a complex chemical and physiological phenomenon that accompanies virtually all biotic and abiotic stresses in higher plants and develops as a result of overproduction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review revises primary mechanisms underlying plant oxidative stress at the cellular level. Recent data have clarified the 'origins' of oxidative stress in plants, and show that apart from classical chloroplast, mitochondrial and peroxisome sources, ROS are synthesized by NADPH oxidases and peroxidases. ROS damage all major plant cell bio-polymers, resulting in their dysfunction. They activate plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable and K+-permeable cation channels as well as annexins, catalyzing Ca2+ signaling events, K+ leakage and triggering programed cell death. Downstream ROS-Ca2+-regulated signaling cascades probably include regulatory systems with one (ion channels and transcription factors), two (Ca2+-activated NADPH oxidases and calmodulin) or multiple components (Ca2+-dependent protein kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases). Intracellular and extracellular antioxidants form sophisticated networks, protecting against oxidation and 'shaping' stress signaling. Research into plant oxidative stress has shown great potential for developing stress-tolerant crops. This can be achieved through the use of directed evolution techniques to prevent protein oxidation, bioengineering of antioxidant activities as well as modification of ROS sensing mechanisms. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.