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关键词： Plants (botany)  

摘要： Inter-institutional collaborative networking in the area of plant molecular biology has become the hallmark of the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime. As research in plant molecular biology has potential for attaining patents, the practitioners seem to reorient their approach towards their own research vis-à-vis the protocols enshrined in the IPR. The plant molecular biologists located in various institutional settings in India seem to be engaged in collaborative networking with the industry. The present study, through in-depth personal interviews with 68 plant molecular biologists in India, attempts to capture the transition in scientific practices reflected in the attitudes, interests, values and ideologies of the scientific community in India. © 2016 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： 微地形尺度   草地群落   生物量   化学计量学特征  

摘要： 地形因子是黄土丘陵区影响植被生长的关键,微地形通过影响光照福射、温湿度及土壤养分格局,进一步影响了植物群落的分布和组成。本文以黄土丘陵区安塞试验站微地形(阳坡坡上、中、下部,坡顶,阴坡坡上、中、下部)尺度下的草地群落为研究对象,通过野外调查群落组成和地上、地下生物量以及室内分析测定群落植物叶片、根系及土壤化学计量学特征,探究黄土丘陵区群落生物学及化学计量学特征随微地形的变化特征,主要结论如下:(1)研究区内草地群落主要由菊科、禾本科和豆科的物种组成,阴坡物种较阳坡丰富。群落地上、地下生物量、根系年生长量分别为:164.12 g?m-2、1044.87 g?m-2、731.77 g?m-2?a-1,且在不同坡向的大小顺序都为:阴坡>阳坡>坡顶。根系生长主要集中在0～20 cm,且从上到下逐渐减小。(2)研究区土壤有机碳(1.20～12.78 g?kg-1)、全氮(0.14～0.94 g?kg-1)、全磷(0.14～0.63 g?kg-1)、全钾(8.32～11.53 g?kg-1)、速效钾(40.82～86.75 mg?kg-1)、铵态氮(3.53～7.23 mg?kg-1)、硝态氮(12.25～27.91 mg?kg-1)、速效磷(0.43～0.92 mg?kg-1)和土壤含水量(3.91～12.2%)基本都在阴坡大于阳坡,并且在阴阳坡的坡下部富集。土壤C/N比值(4.85～19.38)、C/P比值(3.64～27.66)、N/P比值(0.50～1.78)、C/K比值(0.22～1.13)也随着微地形的变化而变化。方差分析表明,坡向和坡位及其交互作用都对土壤养分和水分有显著影响。相关分析表明,土壤水分和养分与群落生产力之间密切相关。(3)研究区草本群落叶片C、N、P、K含量的平均值分别为:433.47、24.84、1.61、16.15 g?kg-1。叶片C/N、C/P、N/P、C/K化学计量比的平均值分别为:18.18、320.36、17.41、29.69,叶片N/P比值表明黄土丘陵区植物生长更易受P限制。根系C、N、P、K含量的平均值分别为:380.05、9.07、0.31、5.46 g?kg-1,根系C/N、C/P、N/P化学计量比的平均值分别为:49.61、1326.64、30.73。研究发现研究区草地群落叶片及根系C、N、P、K含量在坡向梯度上表现为阴坡大于阳坡。(4)植物与土壤作为生物地球化学循环的不同环节,两者之间必然存在着联系。相关分析表明:0～20、20～50、50～80、80～100 cm四个分层的土壤C、N、P、K含量与叶片及根系化学计量特征之间都有不同程度的相关关系,特别是表层土壤C、N、P、K含量与叶片及根系C、N、P、K含量基本都呈显著正相关关系。(5)草地群落添加N肥和N+P复合肥后显著增加了地上生物量而降低了地下生物量,且施肥增加了叶片N、P含量,改变了叶片N/P值,但根系C和K含量对施N肥和N+P复合肥后响应不大。施肥同样也改变了土壤养分含量和土壤化学计量特征,尤其是施肥大大增加了土壤速效N、P养分含量。

ISBN: (纸本)9787030476852

关键词： 创新精神   人文素养   植物生物学   教学研究  

摘要： 随着生命科学的迅猛发展,生物科学及技术在社会实践中的应用越来越广,从而传统的生物教学体系正在不断的改革,对学生的培养目标也在不断的提高。从革新较快的生物基础教育中可以看出,把学生创新能力的培养提到了首位。然而在大学生物教学中,由于生命科学领域一系列新兴学科和边缘学科的产生,从而使作为基础学科的植物生物学课时不断减少,同时,人文素养在这样的新形势下也不断被淡化,因此,我们要对植物生物学从教学理念、教学内容、教学手段、教学方法等环节进行改革,使学生能快速而高效的掌握基础理论知识和基本实验技能,同时着重培养学生的创新能力及人文精神,为社会输送符合时代要求的毕业生。

关键词： 被子植物   群落繁育   系统进化  

摘要： 被子植物繁育系统的进化一直是进化生物学上的热点问题。岛屿作为天然的进化生物学实验室，为研究被子植物繁育系统的演化提供了绝佳的场所。Baker在1955年提出“经远距离迁移后具自交能力的植物类群会更有优势”的观点（后人称之为Baker's Law）。海洋岛屿上的植被作为远距离扩散的典型，成为探讨Baker's Law时的经典对象。而被子植物物种是否像Baker论断的那样具自交亲和性的类群在殖民岛屿更有优势？植物在岛屿上会用什么样的繁殖策略去应对岛屿上特殊的环境，它们是否会将繁殖保障作为策略的重点？这些问题尚缺乏深入、系统的研究。本文将针对这些科学问题从群落和物种两个水平进行探讨。　　在群落水平上，本研究选取了中国南海面积、物种数以及形成时间相近的两个岛屿，一个是近大陆(48km)的大陆性岛屿庙湾岛，另一个是远离大陆(380km)的海洋性岛屿永兴岛，对两个岛的被子植物繁育系统进行比较研究。通过统计两个岛上雌雄异株的比例，以及对比两岛屿两性花植物的花粉胚珠比、花粉量、胚珠数、花粉大小、花冠对称性、花冠类型、生活型、系统位置共8方面的特征，探讨两个岛屿上被子植物群落繁育系统的差别。结果表明:1、海洋性岛屿永兴岛雌雄异株植物的比例(1.63％)显著低于大陆性岛屿庙湾岛(14.95％);2、花粉胚珠比及单花花粉量方面，永兴岛的植物类群显著低于庙湾岛(U=2811，P＜0.05)，但花粉的大小显著大于庙湾岛(U=2419，P＜0.001);3、花冠的对称性和花冠的合/离瓣在两个岛屿间没有差异;而生活型方面，永兴岛木本植物的比例(28.74％)，显著低于庙湾岛(57.7％)(x2=17.586a，P＜0.001)。永兴岛是一个距大陆远、成岛时间短(7000aB.P.)的岛屿，其被子植物两性花类群中花粉胚珠比低意味着群落中高的自交倾向，雌雄异株植物罕见以及木本类群比例低则体现岛屿对高异交类群的制约作用，这些结果支持了Baker对植物经过长距离传播后可自交的类群更易殖民岛屿的假说。　　在物种水平上，本研究对典型海洋性岛屿永兴岛的三种优势种——海岸桐（Guettarda speciosa）、海巴戟天（Morinda citrifolia）及草海桐（Scaevola taccada）进行了繁殖生物学研究。结果发现:1、永兴岛海岸桐是具有严格异型自交不亲和性的非精确二型花柱植物，其在永兴岛上仅有一种访花者（疑似甘薯天蛾），访花频率低，自然结实率低;2、海巴戟天在其它热带岛屿中有报道具花柱异型性，但在永兴岛上只有柱头探出的居群，其具有完全的自交亲和性，传粉者多样性高，访花频繁，自然结实率高与人工异交授粉结实率无显著差异;3、草海桐具有二次花粉呈现，具有雌雄异熟和延迟自花授粉现象，但自交亲和能力弱;其访花者较多，具有多种类型的传粉者，其特殊的花粉二次呈现机制对泛化传粉者起着重要的作用。三种植物的研究结果说明，岛屿上占优势的植物不一定是自交为主，而是拥有多种多样的繁殖策略;这些策略中，保障繁殖和促进异交常常同时存在。　　两个水平的研究结果说明，自交提供的繁殖保障是植物登陆岛屿的第一步，异交植物传播至远距离的岛屿时受到更明显的制约，所以距离更远的海洋性岛屿上具自交倾向的类群会更为丰富;但要在岛屿环境的进化过程中取得进一步生存优势，植物在选择“异交规避近交衰退”和“自交以保障繁殖”之间进行的博弈比想象中更为复杂精妙。

关键词： 红榄李   繁殖生物学   濒危红树植物   开花物候   花部综合特征  

摘要： 濒危红树植物红榄李(Lumnitzera littore(Jack.)Voigt),使君子科(Combretaceae)榄李属(Lumnitzera Wild.),国家二级保护植物,也是《国际湿地公约》濒危物种。由于自然生长于易受人为干扰的高潮带,红榄李在全世界的分布情况不容乐观。在我国红榄李仅分布于海南岛,由于生境破坏和人为干扰,野生红榄李的数量已经从2007年的359株急剧下降到现在的14株,分布于三亚铁炉港(9株)和陵水大墩村(5株)。大部分红榄李已经处于老龄或接近老龄化阶段,虽然均可正常开花结果,但种子萌发率极低,胚败育严重。在我国,红榄李存在严重的生殖障碍。本文运用繁殖生物学的原理和方法,对红榄李的生物学特性、花部综合特征、开花物候、繁育系统和营养元素分配等方面进行了分析研究,主要结果如下:1.红榄李在我国的分布情况:在我国范围内,红榄李现存14株全部分布于海南岛,其中9株分布于三亚铁炉港,5株分布于陵水大墩村。2.红榄李的群落特征:三亚铁炉港与红榄李混生的树种以嗜热窄幅种为主,主要有正红树、榄李、海莲等18种真红树,海芒果、水黄皮、黄槿等6种半红树。而红榄李分布较为分散,主要位于低潮间带。3.红榄李的生物学特征:除了中国植物志中所记录的一些基本特征外,对其描述更加精准详细,并有新的特征发现:现存红榄李实际树高最多8.5m左右;枝条随着生长逐渐由嫩绿色变成红色后成灰褐色;叶片表面蜡质,光滑无毛,主叶脉明显;总状花序由10-15枚花组成;单果,果实成熟时呈绿色,子房部位果皮微微泛红;种子脱落后经长期海水浸泡,果皮逐渐变为黑褐色后腐烂,顶端成毛刺状;种子经后熟作用先出茎后发根,子叶展开,胚轴和子叶背部泛红。这些发现可用来补充和完善中国植物志。4.红榄李的花部综合特征:除了中国植物志中所记录的一些基本特征外,花部特征有以下新发现:花冠呈辐射对称;雄蕊10枚;花药具2花粉囊,纵裂,背着药;花瓣、花丝和花柱均成红色;单心皮,子房1室,子房下位,胚珠4-5枚。5.红榄李的花粉柱头形态:电镜扫描状态下,红榄李的花粉呈长球形或近球形,辐射对称,赤道观面呈椭圆形;3条萌发孔沟,具有沟膜,3条假沟,属于N3P4C5型花粉,即赤道三孔沟类型;花粉外壁具假沟及皱波状纹饰,形状不规则。柱头呈柱状,无分叉,中间凹陷,表面干燥无分泌物形成,为干柱头,无乳突细胞分化。6.红榄李的开花物候:单花的花期为10-14天,开放过程可分为萌动期、初展期、盛开期、凋落期,花期60-140天。红榄李的群体花期从1月底到8月底,无双花期现象。单花花期约12.60±0.80天,单花序花期约29.70±1.00天,单株花期约115.20±6.00天,开花不同步。单株平均开花数量为9.60±0.03万朵,平均开花振幅为83.47±1.50朵.株-1.天-1。7.红榄李的花粉和柱头活力:花粉活力最高不超过10%,持续5天左右。柱头在未散粉前1天已具可授性;散粉后的第1-2天,活性最高,持续4天左右。雌蕊先熟,雌雄异熟。柱头可授期和花粉活力持续期有交叉空间。8.红榄李的繁育系统:兼性异交型,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。花粉-胚珠比(P/O)为21 649.08,杂交指数(OCI)为4,异花授粉能有效提高结实率和降低空胚率。胚败育严重,虫害严重。9.红榄李的生殖生长期间营养元素分布特征:N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、B等营养元素在红榄李和榄李的不同器官的含量均具有显著性差异,在二者大多数相应器官的含量也均差异显著。除了N、P、Na和B外,红榄李花中的其余元素均比榄李低。综上所述,导致红榄李濒危的原因如下:(1)种群规模小,交配对象减少,自交和近交概率增加;(2)伴生树种的花粉竞争,降低了对传粉者的吸引力;(3)红榄李进化阶段较为原始;(4)开花不同步;(5)花粉活力过低;(6)柱头可授期和花粉活力持续期有交叉空间,可能有空间进行自花授粉;(7)胚败育;(8)虫害;(9)自交亲和;(10)低含量的K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn元素,可能对红榄李花的发育有抑制作用。

关键词： CAPS   Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences   DNA markers   plant genetics and breeding  

摘要： Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) markers are applicable in a wide range of tasks in plant biology. They were developed recently for plant genetics and breeding and have become especially useful. This mini-review contains an analysis of the information on the application of CAPS markers from the past 3–5 years. In the study presented, special attention was focused on CAPS markers linked with genes controlling important agricultural traits in different crops. The main principles of the development and analysis of CAPS markers as well as advantages and disadvantages of this type of molecular markers are briefly addressed in the beginning of this review. CAPS markers are based on PCR-amplifications of DNA fragments with specific primers, after the digestion of restriction enzymes and separation of the products in an agarose gel. Functional CAPS markers can be developed on the known sequence of a Gene of Interest for the analysis of its structure, function, expression and regulation. CAPS closely linked to the Gene of Interest are especially helpful for Marker-Assisted Selection, and they are widely used in the breeding of wheat, barley, soybean, potato, tomato and other crops for the tolerance to various pathogens. CAPS markers are often used for the preparation of genetic maps and fine mapping of studied genes. Molecular-genetic maps were prepared for some plants using CAPS. This method was also successfully used for the mapping of both individual genes and QTLs controlling such important traits as plant development, grain quality and tolerance to pathogens in cereals, as well as shape of tomato fruit. CAPS have important applications in the analyses of genetic polymorphism and phylogeny, especially in closely related species. Thus CAPS can be used as an effective tool for molecular-genetic study and plant breeding. © 2016, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

关键词： Ecology   evolution   haustorium   hemiparasite   germination   mistletoe   Orobanchaceae   parasitic plant   Santalales  

摘要： Background - Parasitic plants are functionally specialized to acquire at least some essential resources from other plants via specialized organs called haustoria. Parasitism evolved 12 times independently in the evolution of angiosperms of which approximately 1% (4500 species) are parasitic. Not only are parasitic plants diverse in terms of evolutionary origins but also in terms of their physiological functioning and ecological behaviour. Methods - Here, I review the importance of principal functional traits which underlie the physiology and ecology of individual parasitic plants. These include the ability to perform photosynthesis, anatomical details of the vascular connection to the host determining the quality of resources acquired from the host, location of the haustoria on the host, which is closely connected with the parasite life form, and the mode of germination (either triggered by environmental condition or induced by presence of host roots). Results and conclusions - Based on the distribution of all these traits in parasitic plants, I introduce their functional classification into root hemiparasites, root holoparasites, stem parasites and endophytic parasites. In addition to the classification, I also present an evolutionary hypothesis explaining the evolution of advanced parasitic plant forms from root hemiparasites. This hypothesis is based on ecological constraints from which the parasites are released with increasing ability to acquire resources from the host. This evolutionary process also implies increasing host specificity which imposes new constraints on the ability to establish host connection. This explains the evolutionary stability of photosynthetic hemiparasites and their species richness which is one order of magnitude higher than that of holoparasites.

关键词： 社区植物资源   生物教学   课程资源   教学有效性  

摘要： 社区植物资源是一种“本土化”的课程资源，不仅种类繁多、富于变化，而且可就近获取，是学生最为熟悉和亲近的课程资源，同时也是校本课程的重要开发和构建要素。教师需要在充分认识和了解社区植物资源的基础上，对这种课程资源进行有效开发与利用，以促进生物学教学的有效开展。总体而言，教师主要应从以下四个方面着手：第一，以学生为主体，充分发挥学生的主观能动性；第二，主动转变观念，努力实现教学内容与社区植物资源的深度融合；第三，结合实际条件，有选择性地开发与利用社区植物资源；第四，主张探究学习，将课内学习和课外活动进行有机结合。

关键词： bees   Corydalis   forest remnants   pollen limitation   pollination   self-incompatibility   urbanization   Warsaw  

摘要： Habitat fragmentation, caused by, among all, agriculture and urbanization, is one of the most important drivers of plant biodiversity decline worldwide. One of the signs of deteriorating zoogamous plant reproduction is pollen limitation, often associated with a decline in pollinator diversity and abundance. Various authors predict that the most vulnerable taxa are outbreeding plant species characterized by specialist pollination systems. We have, therefore, focused on self-incompatible Corydalis solida, an ancient forest, spring ephemeral plant, growing in three remnant urban populations in the city of Warsaw (Poland). Over two years, we checked for pollen limitation and recorded insect diversity and abundance for C. solida flowers. Our study populations composed of self-incompatible individuals were mainly visited by generalist pollinators, and produced more seeds when supplementally pollinated. Pollen limitation, however, was greater during 1 year with an early spring onset, when we observed a decline in floral visitors diversity and activity. This was probably an effect of phenological mismatch between plants and their pollinators, in this case, mostly social bees, i.e., over-wintered bumblebee queens and Apis mellifera. We conclude that for outbreeding zoogamous spring ephemerals, such as C. solida serviced by generalist pollinators, changing climatic conditions may override the effects of habitat fragmentation and influence their reproductive success.