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关键词： Cyclea peltata   herbal shampoo   Lactobacillus plantarum   organoleptic   response surface methodology  

摘要： Background Synthetic shampoos have toxic chemical agents like chemicals such as parabens and sodium lauryl sulfate which damage the hair. To combat this issue, the use of natural herbal shampoos, as opposed to synthetic shampoos, is becoming increasingly popular. One of the many medicinal plants present in Karnataka and Kerala is Cyclea peltata. This plant has long been known to assist in wound healing, allergy relief, and hair and scalp improvement, as well as serving as a coolant for hair applications. Objective The key subject of this research was the preparation of plant extracts and fermentation of Cyclea peltata leaf extract with Lactobacillus plantarum, resulting in the formulation of an herbal shampoo. Method The leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acid, saponins, and proteins, according to previous research by this group. The fermented product showed the presence of lactic acid, which was a boon for shampoo base as it protects the hair from the sunlight and improves the texture and strength of hair fibers. Cyclea peltata was used as the main ingredient in herbal shampoo formulations, along with other herbal ingredients, and the formulated shampoo was characterized for its different organoleptic (Color, odor) and physicochemical properties (pH, solid content, wettability, emulsification, and foam stability) to find the best formulation. Result Formulation H2 showed better organoleptic and physicochemical properties and thus was chosen as the best formulation among the 11 formulations. Conclusion Formulation H2 is regarded as the best formulation based on the results of the physicochemical tests (Pleasant odor, pH 3.01, solid content of 5.75%, wettability of 1.68 s, and percentage emulsification of 68.75%).

关键词： Different drying methods   lotus rhizome root powder   physicochemical properties   regular-fat model sausages   shelf-life  

摘要： The effects on physicochemical properties and shelf-life of regular-fat model sausages (RFMSs) added with oven-dried or freeze-dried lotus rhizome root powder (LRRP, <= 150 mu m) at two different concentrations (0.5% or 1%) were investigated in this study. RFMSs added with LRRP showed decreased lightness (L*), reduced microbial counts, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), but increased redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hardness, and cohesiveness. The changes in L*, a*, and b* of RFMSs treated with 1% oven-dried LRRP were the largest. Furthermore, addition of 1% oven-dried LRRP to the RFMSs minimised the TBARS value and the microbial count. RFMSs treated with LRRP had a denser and more compact microstructure than RFMSs without LRRP based on low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy analysis. Therefore, LRRP improved the shelf-life of RFMSs, especially 1% oven-dried LRRP inhibited the maximum lipid oxidation and microbial growth.

关键词： Biscuits   Papaya seed and peel   Physicochemical properties   Bioactive compounds   In vitro adsorption capacities and starch digestibility  

摘要： In this study, wheat biscuits were prepared by supplementing with papaya seed (PS) and papaya peel (PP) in range of 2 to 10%. As compared to control (un-supplemented) samples, PS and PP-supplemented biscuits were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, in vitro absorption capacities, starch digestibility and sensory attributes. As compared to PS, PP had lower energy value, higher bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity along with better in vitro adsorption capacities. Overall, PS and PP addition from 2 to 10% significantly improved nutritional components, polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activities, and caused marked rises in NO2- ion, cholesterol and bile acid absorption capacities of supplemented biscuits. Moreover, PS and PP-addition showed significant concentration-dependent decreases in glucose release response during various in vitro starch digestion intervals. Based on sensory characteristics, biscuits supplemented up to 4% PS and PP showed excellent overall acceptability, however, in comparison with PS, 4% PP-supplemented biscuits exhibited the better sensory properties. Therefore, PP-supplemented biscuits up to 4% could be utilized as a convenience food. Moreover, PS and PP-supplementation of wheat biscuits led to improvement of functional properties as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and high radical-scavenging activities.

关键词： Biofiltration   Butyric acid   Packing material   Genomic analysis   Limonene   Odor removal  

摘要： A multidisciplinary analysis based on physico-chemical, olfactometric and microbiological perspectives was performed to compare the biofiltration of air contaminated with limonene or butyric acid. Two biofilters were subjected to butyric acid gaseous streams: one was filled with wood chips and sewage sludge compost (BF B1) and the other with wood chips only (BF B-2). Similarly, two other biofilters were subjected to a gaseous stream containing limonene, with the same beds (BF L-1 and BF L-2, respectively). Although the biofilters fed with butyric acid received higher odor loads (280-3280 ouE/m2 center dot s for BF B-1 and 135-1460 ouE/m2 center dot s for BF B-2) than the biofilters treating limonene (30-170 ouE/m2 center dot s for BF L-1 and 15-130 ouE/m2 center dot s for BF L-2), the first systems achieved odor removal efficiencies greater than 90% during most of the biofiltration time, whereas in the limonene biofilters, these efficiencies never exceeded 70%. Regarding the packed beds, genomic analysis of the microbial communities showed a wider distribution of phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria) in compost-wood biofilters than in wood chips systems where Proteobacteria was clearly predominant. This study reveals the importance of considering both the nature of the biofiltered compounds and the packed bed composition in biofiltration operations. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers. CC_BY_4.0

关键词： vildagliptin   dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors   physicochemical properties   analysis methods  

摘要： Vildagliptin is an oral agent which is a member of a new class of hypoglycemic drugs, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. This review presents the physicochemical properties of vildagliptin and assesses analysis methods for its estimation in substances, medicinal formulations, and biological media. These are chromatographic, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and other analysis methods. The material presented may be useful for developing new methods for analysis of medicinal formulations containing vildagliptin. The most widely used method for assay of vildagliptin is HPLC.

关键词： Whey   Electro-activation   Alkaline   Solubility   Emulsifying   Foaming  

摘要： The impact of alkaline electro-activation (EA) on the protein solubility, foaming, and emulsifying characteristics of whey was investigated. EA caused protein aggregation and conjugation. At low electric current and holding time, proteins aggregation through disulfide bonds was observed, whereas increasing currents and holding times caused proteins to conjugate with sugars such as lactose, lactulose and galactose. The EA process improved the protein solubility at the pH range of 4.0-7.0. Compared to untreated whey, which produced micron-sized and unstable emulsions at pH 3, whey samples treated under 750 mA and 24-48 h holding time formed nano-sized and stable emulsions at this pH. Furthermore, although both untreated and EA-whey produced stable emulsions at pH 7, those emulsions prepared with EA-whey had smaller particle size and were more stable against droplet flocculation. EA-treated whey tended to generate foams with significantly higher overrun and stability. The present study demonstrated that EA can enhance the functionality of whey.

关键词： lutein   nanoemulsions   stevioside   chickpea protein isolate   stability  

摘要： BACKGROUND Chickpea protein isolate (CPI) originating from chickpeas has the advantages of facilitating the stability of food emulsions. Stevioside (STE) exhibits a notable surface activity and can improve the water solubility of numerous hydrophobic nutrients. STE and protein mixtures show great potential as emulsions stabilizers. The present study aimed to prepare a novel nanoemulsion for encapsulating lutein (LUT) by ultrasonic homogenization using chickpea protein isolate-stevioside complex (CPI-STE) as a stabilizer and also to investigate the physicochemical characteristics. RESULTS The results obtained showed that different preparation conditions demonstrated significant influences on the physicochemical properties of CPI-STE-LUT nanoemulsions. Under the optimal condition, the average particle size of CPI-STE-LUT nanoemulsions was 195.1 nm, and the emulsifying and encapsulation efficiencies of lutein were 91.04% and 87.56%, respectively. CPI-STE-LUT nanoemulsions stabilized by CPI-STE could significantly increase the emulsifying and encapsulation efficiencies of lutein compared to that stabilized by CPI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that hydrogen bond was the main binding force of CPI and lutein, and there was a covalent bond between the two molecules. Furthermore, the stability of CPI-STE-LUT nanoemulsions in gastrointestinal phase was higher than that of CPI-LUT nanoemulsions, which could load lutein more effectively and be more resistant to digestive enzymes. CONCLUSION The present study reports the physicochemical characterization of CPI-STE-LUT nanoemulsions for the first time. CPI-STE-LUT nanoemulsions were characterized by a small average particle size lower than 200 nm, as well as high emulsifying and encapsulation efficiencies, and good stability. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

关键词： Cyclodextrins  

摘要： In this work, we studied the formation of supramolecular inclusion complexes (pseudopolyrotaxanes) generated by the interactions between L35 Pluronic (PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer) and hydroxyl propyl-modified cyclodextrins (HP-alpha-CD and HP-beta-CD). The structural characteristics of the L35/CD composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, which highlighted the effective inclusion of the copolymer. The thermodynamic properties of the pseudopolyrotaxanes were determined through density and speed of sound experiments conducted on aqueous mixtures with various L35/CD compositions, while turbidimetric analyses allowed the investigation of the kinetics of the threading process of L35 polymeric chains within the cavity of the cyclodextrins. Both thermodynamic and kinetic features were explored at various temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C). According to the negative values of the Gibbs free energies, we observed that the formation of the pseudopolyrotaxanes is spontaneous for both cyclodextrins. Specifically, the inclusion process is more favoured for HP-beta-CD. This result was supported by the peculiar effects of the cyclodextrins on the interfacial characteristics of the copolymer at the air/water interface. In conclusion, this paper provides an extensive description of L35/HP-alpha-CD and L35/HP-beta-CD complexes that have potential as thermo-sensitive nanocarriers with controlled release properties.

关键词： biocompatibility   crosslinking   polysaccharides   radical polymerization  

摘要： Pullulan/polyHEMA cryogels were synthesized using epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinkers. The dried cryogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy for chemical structure. Thermal analysis provided evidence for different microstructures of the samples synthesized. Water contact angle (WCA) value measured as 80.56 degrees for the pullulan/ECH/polyHEMA/polyEGDMA IPN sample reveal a more hydrophobic surface compared to the pullulan/ECH/polyHEMA graft copolymer with 18.32 degrees WCA. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the IPN sample gives an average pore size 72.6 mu m, while the graft copolymer contains pores of average size of 100.5 mu m. Swelling and degradation kinetics studied by gravimetric method reveal that the samples act as degradable hydrogels in aqueous media with equilibrium swelling capacities of 75%-100% at pH 7.4. Cell viability of pullulan/ECH/polyHEMA/polyEGDMA IPN cryogel for colon carcinoma cell lines (HCT-116) investigated by MTT assay demonstrate that it is non-toxic and allows cell proliferation with 159 +/- 25.52% cell viability in 9 days.

关键词： depot injection   long acting injectables   intrinsic dissolution rate   dose-solubility   depot technology   sustained release   predictive models   nanoparticles   therapeutic index   ziprasidone  

摘要： The objective was to develop a model to a priori identify the most suitable depot technology for a candidate based upon its therapeutic index (TI), pharmacokinetics (PK), and physical chemical properties. A depot map of release rates needed to achieve target PK in TI against release rates predicted based on intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and particle size (PS) clearly identified three zones: (a) products and candidates around the line of identity for which suspension is the appropriate depot technology, (b) area to the right of line of identity in which depot candidates would require a controlled release technology such as PLGA microspheres since in vivo release rate needed for PK in TI is significantly lower than predicted based on IDR and PS, and (c) area to the left of the line of identity where IDR is not sufficient to achieve target in vivo release rate for PK in TI and hence enhanced dissolution is needed such as with nanoparticles. Dose-solubility technology map of approved depot products and candidates showed clusters of products around a depot technology such as suspensions and microspheres, for drugs with high dose/low solubility and low dose/high solubility compounds, respectively. Novel PK-based computational tool showed how all combinations of depot doses and release rate constants for a candidate can be calculated to achieve plasma levels within the TI bounded by minimum effective and minimum toxic concentrations (MEC and MTC). The PK predictions for several drugs such as estradiol, risperidone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and ziprasidone showed how these predictions can guide scientists to target specific depot doses and release rates into the depot formulation. In parallel, IDR of depot compounds clearly showed differentiation of compounds by successful depot technologies to achieve target dose and duration. For drugs with IDR between 0.1 and 1 mg/h/cm(2), aqueous suspension has successfully delivered depot PK profile, while for candidates w