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关键词： Functional properties   germinated brown rice   pasting properties   structure  

摘要： Germinated brown rice (GBR) is a gluten-free food raw material. Its tissue structure, physicochemical properties and functional properties depend on the germination time. In this study, rapid viscosity analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction et al were used to analyse the structural, physicochemical and functional changes in brown rice (BR) during germination. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolic compound, glutathione (GSH) and amino acid contents increased during germination. GBR exhibited the highest GSH (22.70 mg per 100 g) and amino acid (8.02 mg per 100 g) contents at 24 h and the highest GABA content (253.35 mg per 100 g) at 36 h. Furthermore, BR germinated for 36 h showed greater enthalpy (Delta H) than ungerminated BR. Although GBR showed less crystallinity than ungerminated BR, germination did not change the crystalline structure type of starch (A-type). These results inform choices of the appropriate applications of GBR to promote its utilisation in the food industry.

关键词： MWCNT   PCL   Blend   Nanocomposite   Crystallinity  

摘要： In this study, a poly epsilon-caprolactone / polyvinyl chloride, PCL: PVC, (1:1) blend was composited with different concentrations of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The effect of the various compositions of MWCNT on the blend was investigated by Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Also, the mechanical test was explored using the tensile test. Additionally, one of the composites was trained to study shape memory properties. The results showed that the composites can return their original form, therefore neither PCL nor MWCNT had any side effect on the shape memory properties of the PCL. The mechanical properties of the composites have been significantly influenced by adding MWCNT to the blend. The ultimate stress, resilience, and modulus of the toughness of the composite diminished with increasing MWCNT, however, the fracture point and ductility were comparably improved. Furthermore, the addition of MWCNT to the blend increased the melting temperature and improved the thermal stability of the composite.

关键词： Albedo level   Fermented sausage   TBA   Texture  

摘要： The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical (pH, water activity, titratable acidity, moisture, protein, fat, colour, weight loss and oxidative stability), textural and sensory properties, and the growth of lactic acid bacteria in fermented sausages (sucuk) supplemented with different levels (0, 1, 2.5 and 5.0%) of pre-treated bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) albedo. Results indicated that adding albedo to sucuk samples increased (P < 0.01) the titratable acidity, lightness and yellowness values;while it led to a decrease (P < 0.01) in pH and weight loss values. Moreover, it was observed that there were increases (P < 0.05) in Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values when albedo was added to the samples. The highest lactic acid bacteria count was observed in the sucuk samples supplemented with 5% albedo. Regarding textural properties, albedo addition increased (P < 0.01) hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness values. Lastly, sensory analysis results showed that albedo added sucuk samples generally got higher (P < 0.05) scores from panellists compared to control samples.

关键词： Iron compounds  

摘要： In situ polymerization was used to produce novel AgFeO2@PEG/polyurethane network nanocomposites (NP-PUs) with 30-60 wt% of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) segments in polyurethane (PU), containing 1 wt% of PEG-coated AgFeO2 nanoparticles, AgFeO2@PEG. Physicochemical properties and in vitro biological activity of the NP-PUs were systematically evaluated in terms of AgFeO2@PEG (NP) addition and soft segment content. High-angle annular dark-field transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were generally uniformly distributed in the PU matrix. Increased soft segment content caused significantly increased intensity of the broad, amorphous X-ray diffraction peaks of crystalline AgFeO2, probably because the chemical composition of PU affected the distribution of nanoparticles. The Young modulus, hardness, and plasticity of the NP-PUs were higher than for pure PU and increased with decreasing soft segment content. Decreased soft segment content induced higher microphase separation, increased hydrophilicity and swelling ability, but decreased cross-linking density. Additionally, NP-PUs had higher glass transition temperatures, improved thermal stability, and enhanced nanomechanical performance over pure PU. The NP-PUs demonstrated good selective inhibition of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis (30-55%) and no pronounced cytotoxicity to MRC5 human lung fibroblasts. Among the investigated AgFeO2@PEG/PUs, the best antifungal activity was shown by composites with 30 and 40 wt% soft segments. Consequently, the novel AgFeO2@PEG/polyurethane network nanocomposites could be further optimized to be used as biocompatible surfaces that also prevent formation of fungal biofilms. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： Ginseng   Microbial inoculants   Soil quality   Microbial interaction   Bacterial community  

摘要： Ginseng root rot caused by Fusarium solani (F. solani) is a highly destructive soil-borne disease that happens worldwide, which seriously affects the growth and development of many types of crops. Frankia casuarinae CcI3 (Frankia F1) microbial inoculants F1 on the mycelial integrity of pathogenic fungus F. solani, the growth of ginseng plants, and the structure of rhizosphere microbial community were carefully studied in the rhizosphere soil of ginseng infected with ginseng disease. Under the normal ginseng growth and F. solani infected environment, plant height, root length, dry weight, stem diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll content increased by 40.57%, 68.98%, 92.09%, 56.67%, 23.29%, and 39.60% in T2 (50 mL microbial inoculants F1) compared with CK (natural control without treatment). Increased enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), beta-1, 3-glucanase, and chitinase showed improved disease resistance and stress resistance of plants in ginseng leaves having inoculation. Our present study demonstrated that the soil pH value, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased by 8.00%, 50.78%, 18.81%, 43.36%, 23.25%, 14.00%, and 5.11% in T2 compared with CK. Furthermore, the soil enzyme activities of catalase, sucrase, and urease in T2 treatment were increased by 12.14%, 27.56%, and 22.60%, respectively. Amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the diversity of soil bacteria decreased after microbial inoculants F1 treatment. More specifically, the T2 treatment inhibited the growth of F. solani, and promoted that the relative abundance of Xanthomonadales, Sphingomonadales, Sphingobacteriales, Frankiales, and Propionibacteriales. The PICRUSt data predicted an array of bacterial functions, and microbial inoculants F1 primarily increased the abundance of functional genes related to bacterial metabolism in ginseng soil we confirmed. Collectively,

关键词： Digestibility   heat moisture treatment   potato starch   soybean peptide  

摘要： In this study, potato starch (PS) was complexed with soybean peptides (SPTs) with different molecular weights under heat moisture treatment (HMT) at different moisture contents. The results showed that PSSPT complexes formed under HMT were characterised by weaker and fuzzier polarised cross patterns, and more agglomerates. After HMT, higher gelatinisation temperatures and lower enthalpies were observed for PSSPT complexes. In particular, higher gelatinisation temperatures were observed when moisture levels were higher during HMT. Compared with physically mixed counterparts, the PSSPT complexes under HMT displayed higher pasting temperatures and lower swelling power, and peak viscosity. Higher moisture content during HMT led to a less thermodynamically stable B-polymorphic structure converting to a more stable A-type polymorph. Higher SDS content was found in the PSSPT complexes subjected to HMT with lower moisture content, while relatively higher RS content was associated with higher moisture content of HMT. These results could be attributed to restructuring of the amylose/amylopectin chains, the physical barrier of SPT and interactions between the negatively charged groups in PS and the side chains in SPT. This study will advance our understanding of food multicomponent interactions, as well as guidance for the application development of low-glycaemic index foods containing SDS and RS in the field of fine food processing.

关键词： Delivery system   encapsulation   porous starch   starch  

摘要： Porous starches have been researched for applications of its characteristics, although it has been noted that different methods are used to influence the properties manifested. In this study, native starch isolated from hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) was used to create porous starch using three different methods, viz, solvent-exchange (SE), enzyme hydrolysis (EH), and addition of mercaptosuccinic acid known as freeze-thaw (FT). The structural characteristics (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction) of SE and EH were very similar to those of NS. The gelatinization properties of the porous starches were higher (97.15-112.86) than those of NS (93.00-103.69). The pasting properties of SE and EH were improved, while FT did not possess any pasting abilities, this was due to its high solubility (42.92 +/- 1.70) and lipophilic nature (4.63 +/- 0.42). The adsorption properties of SE (4.0616.35) and EH (4.31-15.45) were similar to those of NS (3.53-15.50). The swelling power of SE (9.16 +/- 0.19) and EH (9.25 +/- 0.13) was similar to that of NS (9.76 +/- 0.43), while the amylose contents (15.48-19.43) were lower than those of NS (20.68 +/- 4.39). Only the SE (11.42 +/- 3.40) from the porous starches had resistant starch present, while EH had mostly rapidly digestible (13.23 +/- 0.00) and slowly digestible starch (127.16 +/- 0.00). These structural and physicochemical characteristics show that these porous starches may be suitable in delivery systems, improving solubility of drugs and adsorbing dyes.

关键词： Antiviral lectins   HIV   Scytovirin   Transgenic plant  

摘要： Scytovirin (SVN) is an HIV-neutralizing lectin that features two structural domains (SD1 and SD2) that bind to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. We expressed SD1 in rice seeds as a potential large-scale production platform and confirmed that rice-derived SD1 binds the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 in vitro. We analyzed the thermodynamic properties of SD1 compared to full-size SVN (produced in E. coli) by isothermal titration and differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the specific interactions between SVN/SD1 and gp120 as well as to high-mannose oligosaccharides. SVN bound with moderate affinity (K-d = 1.5 mu M) to recombinant gp120, with 2.5-fold weaker affinity to nonamannoside (K-d of 3.9 mu M), and with tenfold weaker affinity to tetramannoside (13.8 mu M). The melting temperature (T-m) of full-size SVN was 59.1 degrees C and the enthalpy of unfolding (Delta H-unf) was 16.4 kcal/mol, but the T-m fell when SVN bound to nonamannoside (56.5 degrees C) and twice as much energy was required for unfolding (Delta H-unf =33.5 kcal/mol). Interestingly, binding to tetramannoside destabilized the structure of SD1 (Delta T-m similar to 11.5 degrees C) and doubled the enthalpy of unfolding, suggesting a dimerization event. The similar melting phenomenon shared by SVN and SD1 in the presence of oligomannose confirmed their conserved oligosaccharide-binding mechanisms. SD1 expressed in transgenic rice was able to neutralize HIV-1 in vitro. SD1 expressed in rice, therefore, is suitable as a microbicide component.

关键词： pesticide spray dilutions   dynamic surface tension   pesticide performance   droplet deposition   precision agriculture   bioavailability  

摘要： BACKGROUND Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been developed to improve the efficiency of pesticide applications, and they are now widely utilized in Asia. The deposition and retention periods of pesticides on plant surfaces present serious challenges for modern precision agriculture, as these factors directly affect pesticide bioavailability, efficacy, and loss. Tank-mix adjuvants have been utilized to improve pesticide performance, but their effects on physicochemical properties and dosage delivery at low dilutions are not well understood. RESULTS We found that different tank-mix adjuvants affected droplet impact behavior, the wetting and spreading of spray dilutions, and pesticide deposition on rice leaves by changing the physicochemical properties of spray dilutions. The adjuvant methyl oxirane polymer with oxirane, mono (3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) ether (adjuvant c) significantly reduced the dynamic surface tension of the spray dilution and inhibited the rebound of large droplets (D-0 = 2 +/- 0.2 mm) and spray droplets (0.2 MPa with a LU-01 nozzle) on rice leaves, and improved the wetting and spreading performance of the spray dilution on rice leaves. Field tests showed that adjuvant c could significantly increase the deposition of chlorantraniliprole on rice leaves. CONCLUSION Overall, the use of appropriate tank-mix adjuvants at low dilution ratios for UAV application in paddy fields can improve the performance of spray dilutions, increase the effective deposition and wetting spread of pesticides on rice leaves, further reduce the dosage of pesticide products and improve pesticide utilization.

关键词： Dietary fibre   health benefits   physicochemical composition   wholegrains  

摘要： Wholegrains are a rich source of phytochemicals, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate, proteins, minerals, lipids and vitamins that may have the tendency to increase heath beyond the simple provision of nutrition and energy. They are highly nutritive due to their balanced amino acid profile and other macro- and micronutrient composition. It is considered well-balanced diet having functional characteristics that have shown to possess medicinal benefits. The inverse relation between consumption of wholegrains and the reduced risk of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes are reported in several studies. The consumption of wholegrains is on the rise due to the growing health-conscious populace and health-promoting components support the dietary consumption of wholegrains and their products. Accordingly, the conclusive evaluation of wholegrains and the human intervention studies conducted for the whole grain intake, and the inference that the wholegrains, functional properties and the health outcomes associated with wholegrains are discussed.