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关键词： Bioengineering techniques   Land degradation   Landslide   Flood   Soil erosion   Geo-hydrological risks  

摘要： Natural hazards such as landslides, soil erosion and floods are increasingly affecting many regions of the world in relation to ongoing climate change and the abandonment of rural areas. In the last decades, the need to mitigate such phenomena and preserve natural resources, including landscapes, has motivated a number of local and national authorities to promote the use of soil bioengineering techniques. Consequently, these techniques have been increasingly used with variable success rates. This study analysed the efficiencies of different bioengineering structures to mitigate geo-hydrological risks by examining the interventions installed between 2007 and 2013 in the Avellino Province southern Italy. To this end, a specific project consistency analysis and functionality classification were carried out and the causes of inefficiencies were identified. The analysis showed that after a few years, only a small number of the installed bioengineering structures were fully functional and efficient. Overall, the installed structures were generally affected by maintenance issues and in many cases they suffered from design and execution issues, inducing a generally lower degree of efficiency, with most of them classified as 'not very efficient'. The conclusions of this work are that i) the long-term efficiency of a bioengineering structure is related to its correct design, installation, and maintenance;ii) the design of a bioengineering structure should account for the geological, geotechnical and hydrological characteristics of the area of interest, and iii) maintenance must not affect the short-term efficiency of a structure, but may affect the long-term efficiency.

关键词： climate change   river hydrology   hydrological modeling   river engineering   hydroelectric power plants   hydropower production   run-of-the-river plants   mini-hydropower   economic feasibility indices   circular economy   sustainable development  

摘要： [5] develop an enhanced forecasting method using a process-based hydrological model and spatially distributed wireless sensor data that offers more accurate runoff forecasts than statistical forecasting models based on regressing summer flow against spring snow water equivalent, precipitation, and antecedent runoff in the Sierra Nevada in California and other seasonally snow-covered mountains and show the increase in energy value with the enhanced forecasting informing reservoir operations. [...]the article by Paola Faggian [6] develops the more general theme of climatic extremes, consecutive dry days and extreme precipitations, in Italy. [...]the anthropic factor in environmental systems can no longer be ignored. [...]the need arises to create tools capable of capturing and integrating human influence on hydrological systems into environmental models.

关键词： Intensity of ecological engineering   Ecological engineering   Hydrological system   Human activities   Source region of the yangtze river  

摘要： The rapid global construction of ecological engineering has had an important impact on hydrological processes, especially in China. However, previous studies have largely regarded the hydrological system as a "black box" and have formed conclusions by comparing changes before and after ecological engineering;additionally, managers have assumed that the intensity of ecological engineering (IEE) is proportional to the hydrological system effect. The influence processes and mechanisms of the IEE on hydrological systems are unclear. Here, the source region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) in China was adopted as the empirical research area. Based on various data, such as DEM, soil, land use and climate data from 1980 to 1987 and 2004-2015, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was constructed, and the response of the hydrological system to the IEE was quantitatively explored. The results showed that the IEE generally displayed an increasing trend, increasing from 10.209 in 2005 to 10.649 in 2015. There was no linear relationship between the IEE and hydrological effects, and the hydrological effects did not increase with increasing IEE but did exhibit obvious stages. Specifically, the four phases - the lag phase, transition phase, sensitive phase, and adaptive phase - had different hydrological response characteristics, sensitivities, structures, and functions. Based on the feedback of the hydrological system, ecological engineering managers should abandon the incorrect assumption of a linear relationship between the two and realize that there is usually a lag phase in the early implementation of ecological engineering that requires a continuous increase in the IEE. Additionally, managers should choose the appropriate IEE, evaluation nodes and periods and prioritize the most sensitive hydrological variables in different stages based on the evaluation purpose and hydrological response, thereby improving the efficiency of ecological engineering and realizing the origina

关键词： 中国工程院院士   智能调度   特大洪涝灾害   暴雨洪涝灾害   柳林镇   水文学及水资源   智慧水利   强降雨  

摘要： "7·20"河南暴雨洪涝灾害现场的画面还历历在目:公路被洪水冲断,房子被洪水冲走,所到之处都是淤泥……截至8月2日12时,此次特大洪涝灾害共造成302人遇难、50人失踪,1453.16万人受灾。8月11日至12日,同样罕见的极端强降雨又突袭湖北随县柳林镇。据初步排查,此轮强降雨已造成柳林镇8000余人受灾,21人死亡、4人失联……

关键词： classification of hydrological models   hydrological model choice   hydrological modeling   the Gorgan-rud River Basin   water resources project  

摘要： This study aims to present a process for hydrological model exploration for selecting an appropriate model compatible with the modeling objectives. The process consists of three stages: (1) initial choice based on the modeling objectives;(2) model selection based on intercomparison among underlying conceptualizations of the models;and (3) final model selection based on influencing criteria such as availability of the model software and documentation, and availability of appropriate data. As an applied example, the process was used to find an appropriate model for a project to evaluate water supply and demand under climate and land use change scenarios in the Gorgan-rud River Basin, Iran. The criteria affecting the final choice of a hydrological model were classified into three categories: (1) criteria related to the model, (2) criteria related to the model user, and (3) criteria related to the study area.

关键词： Water conservancy   Urbanization   Hydrogen and oxygen isotope tracers   Water interaction   Mean residence time   Sustainable water management  

摘要： In recent years, the development and utilization of water resources have imposed great impacts on hydrological characteristics and ecological environment. In this paper, methods based on stable isotopes were used to analyze the cumulative effect of water projects and urbanization on the hydrological cycle in Qingbaijiang River Basin. Isotope evidence shows that the hydrological processes affected by water regulation and urbanized runoff generation differentiate greatly from the natural state. The annual mean isotopic values follow an order of groundwater > rainwater > river water. Consistent isotopic composition and variation trend between the near-bank groundwater and river water were only observed from May to late June 2018 and from February to April 2019 in the upper zone, indicating the dominant recharge of river to the groundwater. However, the isotopic variations between the two waters in the middle and lower zones suggested that the hydraulic exchange was limited, demonstrating the significant changes in river water level caused by the reservoir impoundment. The isotopic enrichment rate along the flow path is highest in January (0.0265 parts per thousand/km), followed by October (0.0160 parts per thousand/km), indicating the significant evaporation, while slight spatial changes in July (0.0027 parts per thousand/km) reflected masked evaporation effect. This variability can be mainly attributed to the flow rate change and increase of water salinity in anthropic zones. Periodic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the difference in rainfall-runoff responses between hydrographic zones and estimate the mean residence time (MRT). Periodicity of isotopes in river water increased from upper to lower reaches with increasing R-2 values from 0.04 in SW1 to 0.46 in SW8. The MRT grew shorter along the flow path from 870 days in SW1 to 293 days in SW8, reflecting accelerated rainfall-runoff process due to the increasing impervious surface area and drainage system.

关键词： 工程水文学   思政元素   教学改革  

摘要： “工程水文学”是我国高校众多涉水工程本科专业普遍开设的一门专业基础课,挖掘蕴含在课程中的思政元素对丰富该课程教学改革研究具有重要的指导意义。在阐述“工程水文学”课程思政必要性的基础上,以一粒种子到参天大树的成长过程为例,从水文学发展史、水文循环与水量平衡概念、水文分析计算、水文信息采集与处理四个方面,深入挖掘课程思政元素,培养大学生的爱国主义、职业素养和科学探索精神,激发大学生的社会责任感和民族使命感,实现课程思政育人目的。

关键词： 数学基础知识   水利专业   工程经济学   建筑材料   工程水文学   工程力学   钢筋混凝土结构   河流动力学  

摘要： 数学是一门基础学科,在理工类学科的大部分领域都有广泛的应用,为其他学科的成立提供了可靠的基础,其中就包括水利工程专业。水利专业主要包括工程力学、水力学、河流动力学、岩土力学、工程地质及水文地质学、工程测量、工程水文学、工程经济学、建筑材料、钢筋混凝土结构和钢结构等专业学科,以上介绍的学科中均需要用到数学知识,因此,夯实数学基础知识是学好水利专业的前提。

关键词： Reservoir failure   Karst   Leakage   Salinization   Acid mine drainage   Evaporation  

摘要： This study presents a novel review of seven case histories of Andalusian reservoirs (Southern Spain) affected by different hydrological and hydrogeological problems that have led to severe malfunctions. The failures reported are related to (i) water quality degradation due to salinization and acid mine drainage, (ii) leakage in karstified terrains, (iii) environmental and hydrogeological impacts associated with an inadequate water planning and (iv) large evaporative losses from the reservoir. Detailed information on the geological context, hydrological/hydrogeological origin of the problem, repercussions on infrastructure functioning and remedial measures applied or proposed has been gathered for each case. Results of on-site research carried out by the authors in some of the locations studied and a comparative analysis of similar case histories at international level are also included. The purpose of this work is to emphasize the need of learning from past mistakes and provide guidance for future dam construction works, especially in the Mediterranean region. It also highlights the role of geological and hydrogeological research in dam sitting and the consequences of inadequate terrain characterisation, biased hydrological planning and data misinterpretation or undervaluation. This review evidences the need of conducting comprehensive studies that do not only focus on the infrastructure itself, but also on non-constructive aspects (monitoring of geological features and hydrological variables) and relevant processes (e.g. leakage, salinization and contamination) that might compromise the efficient functioning of the infrastructure.

摘要： Data assimilation is a versatile methodology for estimating model uncertainties (parameters, model error, initial and boundary conditions, etc.). Numerical models have benefited from the availability of high-resolution spatio-temporal data due to recent advances in measurement techniques [5], which make the studies of more complex flows possible. Variable horizontal resolution enables the use of coarser meshes in open sea regions but more refined ones in shallow areas to resolve important small-scale processes such as wetting and drying, sub-mesoscale eddies, or sub-mesoscale dynamics of steep coastal fronts. [...]this special issue presents recent studies on numerical and data-driven modelling and applications to atmosphere, ocean, coastal, and hydrological engineering.