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ISBN: (纸本)9787517016724

关键词： 全英语教学   工科专业   工程水文学  

摘要： 笔者通过武汉大学水利水电学院水利水电专业全英语实验班中《工程水文学》教学实践后发现,进行传统工科专业课的全英语教学仍面临教材、课程内容、实验英语教学、教学语言等方面问题,但通过激发学生学习积极性和主动性、教师在课程内容完善以及教学管理者在课程设置等方面的努力,可实现全英语教学的真正教学目的。

关键词： 工程水文   教学方法   改革  

摘要： 在我国的《工程水文学》中涉及到了很多方面的知识,其内容复杂繁多且不易理解,容易造成课堂的沉闷,而这会让学生失去学习这一课程的兴趣。针对这一现象,需要相关人士根据以往的教学经验对《工程水文》的教学方式上进行革新,从而通过改变教学方式来改变这一现象,以此来提高教学质量。

ISBN: (纸本)9787517019985

关键词： geoengineering   model intercomparison   energetic perspective   hydrologic cycle  

摘要： Analysis of surface and atmospheric energy budget responses to CO2 and solar forcings can be used to reveal mechanisms of change in the hydrological cycle. We apply this energetic perspective to output from 11 fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models simulating experiment G1 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), which achieves top-of-atmosphere energy balance between an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 from preindustrial levels (abrupt4xCO2) and uniform solar irradiance reduction. We divide the climate system response into a rapid adjustment, in which climate response is due to adjustment of the atmosphere and land surface on short time scales, and a feedback response, in which the climate response is predominantly due to feedback related to global mean temperature changes. Global mean temperature change is small in G1, so the feedback response is also small. G1 shows a smaller magnitude of land sensible heat flux rapid adjustment than in abrupt4xCO2 and a larger magnitude of latent heat flux adjustment, indicating a greater reduction of evaporation and less land temperature increase than abrupt4xCO2. The sum of surface flux changes in G1 is small, indicating little ocean heat uptake. Using an energetic perspective to assess precipitation changes, abrupt4xCO2 shows decreased mean evaporative moisture flux and increased moisture convergence, particularly over land. However, most changes in precipitation in G1 are in mean evaporative flux, suggesting that changes in mean circulation are small.

关键词： geoengineering   climate impact   sulfate aerosols   sea salt aerosols   solar radiation management   hydrological cycle  

摘要： Different techniques of solar radiation management (SRM) have been suggested to counteract global warming, among them the injection of sulfur into the stratosphere, mirrors in space, and marine cloud brightening through artificial emissions of sea salt. This study focuses on to what extent climate impacts of these three methods would be different. We present results from simulations with an Earth system model where the forcing from the increase of greenhouse gases in a transient scenario (RCP4.5) was balanced over 50 years by SRM. While global mean temperature increases slightly due to the inertia of the climate system and evolves similar with time for the different SRM methods, responses of global mean precipitation differ considerably among the methods. The hydrological sensitivity is decreased by SRM, most prominently for aerosol-based techniques, sea salt emissions, and injection of sulfate into the stratosphere. Reasons for these differences are discussed through an analysis of the surface energy budget. Furthermore, effects on large-scale tropical dynamics and on regional climate are discussed.

关键词： geoengineering   hydrological cycle   climate change   GeoMIP   solar radiation management   monsoon  

摘要： The hydrological impact of enhancing Earth's albedo by solar radiation management is investigated using simulations from 12 Earth System models contributing to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). We contrast an idealized experiment, G1, where the global mean radiative forcing is kept at preindustrial conditions by reducing insolation while the CO sub(2) concentration is quadrupled to a 4CO sub(2) experiment. The reduction of evapotranspiration over land with instantaneously increasing CO sub(2) concentrations in both experiments largely contributes to an initial reduction in evaporation. A warming surface associated with the transient adjustment in 4CO sub(2) generates an increase of global precipitation by around 6.9% with large zonal and regional changes in both directions, including a precipitation increase of 10% over Asia and a reduction of 7% for the North American summer monsoon. Reduced global evaporation persists in G1 with temperatures close to preindustrial conditions. Global precipitation is reduced by around 4.5%, and significant reductions occur over monsoonal land regions: East Asia (6%), South Africa (5%), North America (7%), and South America (6%). The general precipitation performance in models is discussed in comparison to observations. In contrast to the 4CO sub(2) experiment, where the frequency of months with heavy precipitation intensity is increased by over 50% in comparison to the control, a reduction of up to 20% is simulated in G1. These changes in precipitation in both total amount and frequency of extremes point to a considerable weakening of the hydrological cycle in a geoengineered world. Key Points * Geoengineering leads to a weakening of the hydrologic cycle * Evapotranspiration changes important for initial reduction of precipitation * Considerable reduction of monsoonal precipitation over land with SRM

关键词： 中国工程院院士   水利部   科技发展   水文水资源专业   文学家   环境工程专业   硕士学位   河海大学  

摘要： 张建云院士，1957年8月出生于江苏沛县，1982年7月毕业于华东水利学院陆地水文专业，1987年5月河海大学水文水资源专业研究生毕业，获丁学硕士学位。分别于1992年12月、1996年6月获得爱尔兰国立大学理学硕士学位和土木及环境工程专业博士学位。曾任水利部水文局总工程师、副局长，国家防汛抗旱指挥系统工程建设办公室副主任。

ISBN: (纸本)9787517011545

ISBN: (纸本)9787517007616