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关键词： 工程水文学   暴雨洪水   闸坝调度   洪涝模型   城市化地区  

摘要： 城市地区流域洪水模拟是当前洪水过程计算分析的热点和难点,本研究基于Mike洪涝模拟平台的河道一维水动力学模型（MIKE11）,综合考虑城市地区不透水下垫面产流、多闸坝调度、城市排水、支流汇入等因素,系统构建了北京市主要排洪河道清河流域洪涝模拟模型,以设计流量、水位资料和实测场次洪水过程资料分别对河道、水工建筑物参数及运行规则进行了验证,模型模拟结果显示模型能够较好模拟城市流域复杂环境条件下的河道结点水位,情景模拟分析不同降雨重现期流域现状河道行洪能力和河湖雨水综合利用能力,显示清河流域具有明显的低水位、大流量的特点,可以满足20年一遇降雨行洪要求。在特大暴雨条件下清河干流中段清河闸至羊坊闸是河道洪涝的重点防护区域。从1年到20年一遇重现期设计降雨条件下,模拟蓄水占总库容的33.5%-54%。研究为城市流域防洪调度和雨水资源利用提供技术支持。

关键词： 工程水文学   统计降尺度   枯水径流   气候变化   频率分析   萨克拉门托模型  

摘要： 枯水水文是水文学的重要组成部分,枯水与人类的生产生活以及生态息息相关。但与洪水相比较,枯水水文的研究并没有得到足够多的重视。气候变化与人类活动对全球和区域水资源的影响是当前研究的一个重点和难点。本文利用统计降尺度的方法来预测气候变化下金华江流域未来的降水和温度,同时结合萨克拉门托模型预测金华江流域的径流,最后对基准期实测径流和未来模拟径流的枯水指标7Q10和30Q10进行了比较,结果表明,在温室气体排放情景A2和B2两种气候情景下,这两个枯水指标都有明显增大的趋势。

关键词： modeling   water quality   hillslope hydrology   subsurface lateral flow   saturation-excess overland flow  

摘要： In nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration-excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re-infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP-UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP-UI to convex, concave, and S-shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation-excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation-excess and infiltration-excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.

关键词： 工程水文学   遭遇风险   丰枯演化   泾河   水沙组合  

摘要： 以泾河张家山水文站1932-2008年的径流和泥沙数据为例,借助P-III型概率曲线,对泾河径流和泥沙进行丰、平、枯三种状态划分;应用Markov过程理论,对泾河水沙组合演化规律进行分析,结果表明:不同水沙组合转换概率整体倾向于丰丰组合或枯枯组合;同步自转概率中,水沙丰丰组合自转概率最大,为0.72;异步自转概率中,水沙平枯组合自转概率最大,为0.50;同步异步互转概率中,水沙丰枯组合和水沙枯丰组合转枯枯组合转移概率最大。应用Copula理论,对泾河水沙组合遭遇风险进行研究,发现泾河水沙丰枯同步概率中,同丰遭遇概率最大,为27.9%,而水沙丰枯异步遭遇概率有所差别,但水沙同步遭遇概率大于异步遭遇概率。最后,根据所建立的泾河水沙二维联合分布模型,揭示了泾河洪峰和沙峰组合遭遇的重现期,为泾河水沙遭遇组合风险提供参考依据。

关键词： 工程水文学   梯级水库   水文情势   模拟方案   累积效应   乌江  

摘要： 流域梯级开发是我国一项较大的流域开发系统工程,诸多梯级电站所在河流存在径流量大,径流时空分布不均的特点,而梯级电站的规划与兴建,对当地流域水文情势具有明显的影响效果。以乌江干流为例,运用率定结果合理的水环境数学模型对乌江流域不同方案下水动力环境的模拟,对比分析了乌江梯级开发区域内天然情况、单库运行和梯级水库联合调度对于乌江沿程干流径流调节作用的影响效应及差异度,结果显示:1河流水库的建立削弱了洪季流量,提高了枯季流量,具有径流调节及均化作用;2水库的均化径流效应会随着沿程水库的联合运行呈现逐步增强状态,即水库对径流的调节作用会随梯级水库的联合运行产生沿程累积叠加效应,进而逐步使得河段沿程的年径流量分配更加均匀。

关键词： Paradigm shift   Holistic perception of nature   Regulation of processes   Ecological engineering   Water resources management   Water-society harmonization  

摘要： In the context of global environmental and social change, with increasing pollution and decline of biodiversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems having its deep roots in drastic modifications to hydrological mesocycles, there is an urgent need for a new approach for sustainability. The two often contradicting approaches to water resources management, i.e., (1) hydrotechnical, and (2) ecological, can be reconciled within the context of ecohydrology (EH). It seeks for the understanding of the underlying water-biota interactions as well as providing a new tool for management of water resources. While the majority of changes are nonreversible in the framework of ecohydrology it is possible to regulate (dual regulation) the processes, especially in novel ecosystems, as an alternative to conservation and restoration measures, in order to increase their carrying capacity in the four dimensions, as follows: (1) water resources, (2) biodiversity, (3) ecosystem services, and (4) resilience. The proposed approach aims to initiate a discussion and joint efforts of hydrological engineers, hydrologists, and ecologists towards formulation of the comprehensive strategy and scientific background for harmonization of society needs with the enhanced ecosystem potential. It stipulates for a change in paradigm not only in the environmental sciences but also in the global economy, engineering, and education systems.

关键词： 工程水文学   编程   教学方法  

摘要： 工程水文学中很多手工计算方法繁复费时,学生普遍感觉深奥难懂。为解决这个问题,提出与编程计算相结合的教学方法,并论证该教学方法的必要性和实施办法,讨论实施中会遇到的问题和解决方法,使学生能掌握该门课程的知识点,并提高学生动手解决实际问题的能力。

ISBN: (纸本)9787550912182

ISBN: (纸本)9787113195342

关键词： Discharge   Fuzzy regression   Hydrology   Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)   Spline basis function   Suspended load  

摘要： The goal of this paper is to handle the large variation issues in fuzzy data by constructing a variable spread multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) fuzzy regression model with crisp parameters estimation and fuzzy error terms. It deals with imprecise measurement of response variable and crisp measurement of explanatory variables. The proposed method is a two-phase procedure which applies the MARS technique at phase one and an optimization problem at phase two to estimate the center and fuzziness of the response variable. The proposed method, therefore, handles two problems simultaneously: the problem of large variation issue and the problem of variation spreads in fuzzy observations. A realistic application of the proposed method is also presented, by which the suspended load is modeled using discharge in a hydrology engineering problem. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed approach is more efficient and more realistic than some well-known least-squares fuzzy regression models. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.