关键词:
sodium-ion battery
hard carbon
anode
initial Coulomb efficiency
摘要:
Although hard carbon(HC)is currently considered to be the pioneering anode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),its low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)results in excessive sodium consumption at the cathode in full cells,thereby significantly limiting its practical application in *** small molecule-assisted biomass co-thermal crosslinking is an effective ***,through modulating the composition ratios among lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose in the raw bamboo,and then leveraging an organic small molecule(maleic anhydride,MA)-assisted thermal-crosslinking,the multiple structural features including carbon layer orientation,graphite-like domain size and closed pore structure can be precisely controlled in the HC *** regulation of precursor components promotes the formation of sp^(2)hybridized structure within the carbon skeleton,leading to the generation of larger graphite-like microcrystalline ***,the crosslinking induced by MA facilitates the development of closed pores during the final high-temperature ***,the resulting HC material(HC-BO-MA)exhibits an impressive ICE of 93.9%coupled with a high reversible specific capacity of 324 mAh g^(−1)(at 20 mA g^(−1)).This work provides valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance biomass-derived HC anodes for SIBs.