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关键词： Wireless power transfer   3-coil link   RFID   intersymbol interference (ISI)   Wireless power transfer   3-coil link   RFID   intersymbol interference (ISI)  

摘要： This brief presents an innovative approach that dynamically adapts the intermediate resonator to enable efficient transmission of power and data over the same inductive link. The proposed intermediate resonator presents a tuned and high-Q response during power transmission, promoting high efficiency in the link. However, when the data transmission begins, it automatically adjusts its response to enable proper communication. Two different approaches for modifying the resonator response during data transmission are tested: 1) dynamically reducing the quality factor, and 2) dynamically detuning the resonator. The proposed resonator is designed, implemented, and applied to an actual commercial system to demonstrate its effectiveness. The selected proof-of-concept system is a low-frequency RFID link, widely used for cattle identification. Detuning the resonator, instead of reducing its quality factor, during data transmission was demonstrated to achieve greater reading distances. Measurements results show that the proposed resonator increases the RFID reading distance by up to $\approx 300$ % (from 16 cm to 65 cm) compared to not using a resonator, and up to $\approx 50$ % (from 43 cm to 65 cm) compared to using a regular resonator without the proposed dynamic adaptation. Hence, this brief validates the concept of employing batteryless self-adaptive resonators in inductive power links.

关键词： Digitalization   Power communication equipment   Intelligent patrol inspection   RFID   Data transmission protocol   Convolutional neural network  

摘要： In order to meet the needs of digital development of power system and ensure the safety of power communication equipment, an intelligent patrol inspection method for power communication equipment with low code enabling based on digital transformation is proposed. Build an intelligent patrol platform for low code enabled power communication equipment based on digital transformation. The data acquisition module of the infrastructure layer scans the RFID tags on the communication equipment through the patrol personnel's handheld devices to obtain the specific information of the current equipment. The UDT data transmission protocol of the data transmission module transmits the equipment information collected by the patrol personnel to the patrol application layer;The fault diagnosis module of patrol application layer uses convolutional neural network to analyze patrol data and complete fault detection of power communication equipment;The integrated component layer uses the application components developed by visual tools to enable the platform with low code through the low threshold platform development technology;The front-end service layer, supported by the technology of the integrated component layer, implements the simplification and configurable processing of front-end display results such as patrol results display, and views and manages the patrol results of the platform through the user terminal layer. The experiment shows that the method is accurate in data acquisition, fast in data transmission and high in fault diagnosis accuracy. It is a highly practical intelligent patrol method for power communication equipment.

关键词： Microstrip antennas   Microstrip   Radiofrequency identification   Zinc oxide   II-VI semiconductor materials   Substrates   Nanocomposites   Coding   photosensor   radio frequency identification (RFID)   sensor tag  

摘要： Radio frequency identification (RFID) is widely used in indoor lighting systems due to advantages, such as programmability, stability, and high detection accuracy. Herein, a multifrequency-coded RFID microstrip photosensor based on zinc oxide (ZnO)/silver (Ag)/coppersulfide (CuS) nanocomposites is designed;at the same time, it has the excellent photoelectric performance of ZnO and CuS, which enhances the response of the sensor to the light signal, and the high photoconductivity of Ag, enhances the RFID radio frequency signal, improves the reading distance and accuracy, and can be used to detect the light of four frequencies. A complementary open-loop resonator (CSRR) patch microstrip antenna was designed using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, and the structure of the photosensor was optimized. Three coding rings are designed by adjusting the length and width of the patch, so that the sensor can realize three-digit coding, and the actual antenna is prepared by sculpting technology. The nanorod-like ZnO, nanolinear Ag, and spherical CuS are prepared by a hydrothermal method, and their structures and morphologies are characterized by SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), XRD,TEM, and XPS. The amplitude of the antenna under the code "111" is-26.49 dB, and the detection performance is the best. The sensor made by drip coating can detect ambient light in the range of 2.833-2.928 GHz. For alight intensity of 0-53.9 klx, the response time of the photosensor is 17 s, the recovery time is 15 s, the response time of the resistance is 16 s, and the recovery time is11 s, indicating that the ZnO/Ag/CuS nanocomposites have good responsiveness and recovery.

关键词： Television White Space (TVWS) band   Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)   Ultra-high frequency (UHF) band  

摘要： The proposed antenna design is intended to be used in the 470 MHz to 806 MHz frequency band, which is now available for commercial use following the transfer of television signal transmission from the TV to satellite band. The antenna is more compact than existing RFID antennas in India, with four concentric rings sliced from a circular patch, and patch is shorted to ground by shorting pin. The design was created using FR4, a commonly used and durable substrate. The antenna's gain and directivity are 8.11 dBi and 9.9 dB, respectively. It can operate in two bands within the desired frequency range: 479-492 MHz and 643-653 MHz. These bands have individual bandwidths of 13 MHz and 10 MHz, respectively, which are higher than commercially available UHF RFID antennas. The return loss in these bands is - 29 dB and -14 dB, respectively. The impact of changes in the ground plane is also discussed, and the return loss and bandwidth have been increased to - 29 dB and to 13 MHz, respectively.

关键词： Dipole antennas   Dual band   Phase change materials   Reflector antennas   Radiofrequency identification   Polarization   Resonant frequency   Circularly polarized (CP)   dipole   dual bands   polarization conversion metasurface (PCM)   radio frequency identification (RFID) antenna  

摘要： In this communication, a novel dual-band 0.9/2.45 GHz circularly polarized (CP) radio frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna with low-profile high-efficiency based on the polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is proposed. At first, a dual-band linearly polarized (LP) bow-tie dipole antenna etched with two pairs of U-shaped grooves is designed as a radiator. The gradient microstrip balun feeding is employed to achieve excellent radiation performance and easy installation as a supporting structure. Then, a PCM is designed as a reflector, enabling polarization conversion and phase difference (including tracing phase difference) for CP radiation in dual frequency bands. Finally, the antenna has been manufactured and measured, resulting in an overall size of 0.42 lambda(0)x0.42 lambda(0)x0.09 lambda(0) at 0.9 GHz. The measured impedance bandwidths for the lower and upper bands are 17.54% (0.78-0.93 GHz) and 4.94% (2.37-2.49 GHz), respectively. The axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are 6.67% (0.87-0.93 GHz) and 5.33% (2.37-2.50 GHz) in the corresponding bands. The proposed antenna can cover the UHF/2.45-GHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) dual bands of China, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) band of North America. Furthermore, the measured peak gains for right-handed circular polarization are more than 6.02 and 9.14 dB in the respective frequency ranges. Therefore, the antenna is very suitable for RFID applications in both UHF and 2.45-GHz ISM dual frequency bands.

关键词： agrochemicals   blockchain   IoT   machine learning   microcontrollers   RFID   sensors  

摘要： Agrochemicals are products that, due to their hazardous nature and high cost, need to be monitored. The management of agrochemical packaging is generally precarious, and the supply chain needs more control due to its reverse characteristic. Traceability in the supply chain usually uses one sensor and not a combination of multiple sensors. The proposed model allows one to trace agrochemicals with reliable and immutable information coming from various sensors, solving problems of unreliable traceability, product theft, and product tampering. Unlike related work, this model contributes with a proposal segmented in modules that focus on security and scalability in controlling used packaging. In this case, the proofs of concept indicate detection of the opening movement of the safe cabinet from 5 lx (unit of illuminance) and movement of packages after a radius of 2 cm, and the data sending time between the model layers was around 1 second. The positive aspects are benefits for detecting intact products and packages openly within the production process and persistently;other benefits include better use of assets and management of the production chain, real-time production data collection, classification, grouping, and prediction of events. Monitoring the packaging reverse chain and the possibility of transaction auditing. Benefits include better use of assets and management of the production chain, real-time production data collection, classification, grouping, and prediction of events generated by the production operation, and persistence of this information for future transactions and audits. Farmers and society benefit from making production and supply chains cleaner and safer and reducing the risk of costly and environmental accidents.

关键词： Building Information Modeling (BIM)   Internet of Things (IoT)   RFID   BIM level 3   digital twin   telemetry  

摘要： Building Information Modelling (BIM) integration with the Internet of Things (IoT) is progressing. The high level of BIM maturity involves using sensor data to manage processes or objects. The article presents the process of creating a telemetry connection between the BIM model and a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor in the context of gaining access to various parts of a building. The process of creating a connection using an experimental set based on a microcontroller board for RFID reader support is described. The set was programmed using multiple programming languages and artificial intelligence. The article presents a unique process of connecting an RFID reader with BIM using a simple model that can be replicated in other contexts (e.g., gaining access to different parts of a construction site). Previous research shows that the unidirectional connection of IoT sensors with BIM models is not difficult. Instead, real-time bidirectional and stable connection (telemetry) is problematic. The authors undertook to fill this research gap using a proprietary IoT kit, programming sequence, and lightweight communication protocol. The paper makes a significant contribution to the discussion and understanding of BIM-IoT technology integration. The article also includes the limitations and possibilities for further development of such a connection.

关键词： Radiofrequency Identification   GNY logic   Security   Authentication  

摘要： Radio-Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) is a non-contact identification technology based on radio waves. It is mainly comprised of an RFID reader and RFID tags where RFID tags store unique information while an RFID reader emits radio waves to interrogate the tag. RFID technology doesn't require a line of sight, so it can identify objects from a larger distance, and it has numerous applications in different areas like IoT (Internet of Things), IoV (Internet of Vehicles), etc. RFID technology relies on wireless communication for data transmission, so it is more prone to security attacks, and if security is compromised, then it may lead to disastrous results. To maintain security in RFID systems, there is a need to use some lightweight authentication protocols, as RFID tags have limited memory and less computation capabilities. This paper reviewed the three RFID-based lightweight authentication protocols, i.e. LRSAS + , LRARP, and LRARP + . Also, we have done the cryptanalysis of these lightweight protocols and found that they are unsuitable for low-cost tags due to their high computation power. So, keeping the focus on low-cost tags, we have proposed an ultra-lightweight RFID authentication protocol known as ULRARP + protocol that solely relies on ultra-lightweight operations like XOR, Perm and Rotation operations. Informal security evaluation indicates that the proposed protocol resists different security attacks. Also, a formal evaluation of the proposed protocol is done using GNY logic. Further, performance evaluation of the ULRARP + protocol is computed based on three parameters, i.e. Tag's computational cost, Storage space, and the message transmitted by the tag. Results indicate that our proposed ultra-lightweight protocol is more secure and performance-efficient than the existing state-of-the-art authentication protocols.

关键词： coevolution   development   life history   RFID   virulence  

摘要： Intraspecific variability in parasite virulence holds significant ecological and evolutionary implications as it can result in uneven costs incurred by individuals of a host species. Obligate brood parasites, birds that lay their eggs in the nest of another species and do not raise their own young, differ in interspecific virulence, as some species kill all host nestmates directly while other species do not. However, variation in the intraspecific virulence of a brood-parasitic species has rarely been investigated. One source of this variability could arise through sexual size dimorphism, because many brood-parasitic species are sexually dimorphic in size starting at the nestling stage, and nestling size often impacts competitive ability in the brood. Here, we investigated the sex-specific effects of nestling brood-parasitic brown- headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, on one of their hosts, the prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea. We predicted that larger male cowbird nestlings would cause host chicks to have lower survival and size and altered life history in the form of delayed fledging. Using experimentally parasitized broods, we found that although male brood-parasitic cowbird nestlings are heavier than females, there was no effect of cowbird sex on the survival, size or fledging phenology of the host nestlings. Furthermore, there were no differences in fledging phenology between the male and female cowbird chicks. Instead, we found that wing length, which was similar between the parasitic nestlings' sexes, was an important predictor for age and order of fledging. These findings show that the extent of development is critical for the timing of fledging of both parasitic and host species. Notably, the lack of effect of cowbird nestling sex on host chick survival and fledging suggests that the presence of a parasite is more influential for host nestlings than the size of parasites.

关键词： Smart logistics   RFID authentication   Object tracking   Security   5G, industry 4.0  

摘要： Smart logistics is acknowledged as a key propellant for swift industrialization and economic growth of the nations. It not only helps to foster the cost-effective services to the end user but also brings transparency in the whole supply chain management process by creating a communicative ecosystem involving IoT, RFID and other Information Communication Technology-enabled objects. Realizing the notion of smart logistics involves the real time communication as well as tracking through 5G-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) and interconnected nodes. Nonetheless, mere technological innovations are not sufficient, until all supply chain-based intermediaries are secure and trustworthy. Moreover, the smart interacting devices exchanging bulk of data are power scarce devices requiring energy efficient communication techniques. For this reason the underlying protocol authenticating the supply chain intermediaries must not only be secure but also computationally efficient. Many authenticated key agreement solutions can be witnessed lately, however with many limitations. Considering these limitations we propose a novel RFID/IoT-enabled secure symmetric key-based authentication protocol (ReSOTS) for tracking the objects in smart logistics-based ecosystem, thereby greatly reducing the computational overheads with adequate security. The scheme is formally analyzed and validated under RoR-based random oracle model. The performance results indicate promising results for the contributed scheme over the comparative studies.