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关键词： Public key cryptography  

摘要： Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has proliferated over the last few years and being deployed as identification technology in numerous domains like intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for applications like road safety, efficient traffic management, automatic toll collection, intelligent parking, etc. As RFID devices, as well as the possible domains of ITS and IoV onto which the RFID technology can be deployed, are usually resource-constrained, thus, security and privacy become a major concern. So, public-key cryptography becomes the better choice for enhancing the security of RFID based systems. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is one of the dominant and secure asymmetric-key cryptosystems being used for RFID security due to its smaller key size. Numerous RFID authentication schemes based on ECC have been suggested in literature, however, the majority has various serious security weaknesses. To bridge those existing security weaknesses, an enhanced ECC based light weight protocol for RFID systems has been proposed in this article. An extensive security analysis has been performed to demonstrate various secure features offered by our proposed protocol, and formal security analysis is being conducted using Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool. The performance of our proposed RFID protocol has been compared with various existing RFID based security solutions on the basis of parameters, that is, computational cost, communication cost, and storage requirement. Simulation results indicate that the proposed lightweight protocol is more secure and performance efficient than the existing RFID protocols, and is well suited for practical applications.

关键词： ESP8266   helmet   two-wheeler   Flex sensor   internet of things   RFID   2.4 GHz RF communication  

摘要： Currently, two-wheelers are the most popular mode of transportation, driven by the majority the people. Research by the World Health Organization (WHO) identifies that most two-wheeler deaths are caused due to not wearing a helmet. However, the advancement in sensors and wireless communication technology empowers one to monitor physical things such as helmets through wireless technology. Motivated by these aspects, this article proposes a wireless personal network and an Internet of Things assisted system for automating the ignition of two-wheelers with authorization and authentication through the helmet. The authentication and authorization are realized with the assistance of a helmet node and a two-wheeler node based on 2.4 GHz RF communication. The helmet node is embedded with three flex sensors utilized to experiment with different age groups and under different temperature conditions. The statistical data collected during the experiment are utilized to identify the appropriate threshold value through a t-test hypothesis for igniting the two-wheelers. The threshold value obtained after the t-test is logged in the helmet node for initiating the communication with the two-wheeler node. The pairing of the helmet node along with the RFID key is achieved through 2.4 GHZ RF communication. During real-time implementation, the helmet node updates the status to the server and LABVIEW data logger, after wearing the helmet. Along with the customization of hardware, a LABVIEW data logger is designed to visualize the data on the server side.

关键词： Smart libraries   RFID based book location classification   MSPCA   ImRMR   Bagged Tree  

摘要： Purpose: There are hundreds of thousands of books in libraries, causing problems in searching and counting books. To overcome these problems, this research presents a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) dataset and a new automated book location classification model using the RSSI dataset. Materials and method: In this study, a RSSI signals dataset was collected using a mobile vehicle from 3279 books. These books are randomly placed on six benches, 24 cabinets, and 144 racks. The primary objective of this work is to detect book position automatically using a simple learning model. Thus, a new automated book position detection model is presented and this model is tested on the RSSI dataset collected. (i) Multiscale principal component analysis (MSPCA) is considered a pre-processing method. (ii) Iterative minimum redundancy maximum relevance (ImRMR) algorithm was used to select the most informative features automatically. (iii) The most informative features selected are classified using the Decision Trees (DT) and Ensemble Bagged Trees (BT) algorithms. Three cases are defined according to bench, cabinet, and rack. Results: The recommended model yielded 97.34% 98.26% and 93.1% overall accuracies using the bench, cabinet, and rack cases consecutively deploying the BT classifier with 10-fold cross-validation. Conclusions: The presented book position classification model reached above 90% for all cases and these results calculated and finding clearly demonstrates that this model is ready to use in a big library for book position detection.

关键词： Impedance   Antennas   Tuning   Impedance matching   Bandwidth   UHF antennas   Slot antennas   Antennas   impedance matching   ultrahigh frequency (UHF) antennas  

摘要： In this communication, a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) structure is employed for the realization of a compact and low profile metal mountable tag device for ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID). In order to compensate dielectric parameters and/or tag chip impedance variations, and the effects of manufacturing tolerances or other imperfections which can cause severe performance degradation at the target frequency, a tag structure with three lumped elements and a U-shape slot with adjustable length for post-manufacturing working frequency and impedance matching tuning is proposed. In order to simplify the post-manufacturing tuning process, both the PIFA and the tag chip matching network are designed to match an intermediate 50 Omega real impedance, which makes it possible to easily verify the impedance matching performance. A 29.8 x 29.8 x 0.813 mm(3) prototype is manufactured for the 920.5-924.5 MHz Chinese bandwidth, and it has been verified that the post-manufacturing tuning operation can effectively restore the design working frequency, with a read range of 3.6 m at 922.5 MHz when the tag is mounted on a 10 x 10 cm(2) aluminum plate.

关键词： cloth tag   flexible tag   Internet of Things   inventory management   UHF‐   RFID   wide‐   band  

摘要： A bendable ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna using nonuniform meandered lines for retail garments in the textile industry is presented. Based on an earlier UHF RFID tag antenna using nonuniform meandered lines, the proposed tag is fully bendable and aimed to be embedded in retail garments for long-life cycles. As a result, a relatively low cost, wideband, compactness, and good conjugate matching with good dipole-like read range is presented. Results showed an antenna with a wide bandwidth of 900 MHz and a long read range of 10.1 m making the UHF RFID tag antenna using nonuniform meandered lines a potential candidate for retail garments in bendable applications of the textile industry. Simulations are corroborated by measurements and are in fairly agreement.

关键词： Ear-tag accelerometer   Radio-frequency identification (RFID)   Grazing cattle   Licking behaviour   Block supplement   Licking state duration  

摘要： Monitoring the licking behaviour in grazing cattle is a potential means for quantifying block supplement intake. The current study aimed to 1) evaluate the capability of an ear-tag accelerometer to identify the licking behaviour at a block supplement in grazing cattle and 2) validate individual licking state (LS) duration predicted by an accelerometer and radio-frequency identification (RFID) system. Four out of 12 Angus steers weighing 384 +/- 9.7 kg (mean +/- SD) were given free access to a 900 m2 supplement yard with access to two RFID-equipped automatic supplement feeders provided daily from 15:00 to 18:00 h for 10 days. Each steer was fitted with an ear-tag containing a 3-axis accelerometer set at a frequency of 25 Hz. Accelerometer data were segmented into three window sizes (3, 5, and 10 s) and further processed using four machine learning (ML) algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Logistic Regression (LR) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The best performance in classifying licking behaviour was obtained from the combination of XGB and 10 s window size with an accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and F1 score of 93%, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively. Accelerometers and RFID systems consecutively under-predicted and over-predicted LS duration by 20% and 6%, with a mean absolute error (MAE) proportion of 22% and 10%, a ratio of root mean square prediction error (RSR) of 0.33 and 0.14 and a modelling efficiency (MEF) of 0.89 and 0.98. Overall, both the ear-tag accelerometer and RFID system was capable of monitoring the licking behaviour and LS duration of grazing cattle accessing block supplements.

关键词： Circular polarization   compact antenna   metamaterial   miniaturized antenna   periodically structured surface   radio frequency identification (RFID)   vertical split-ring resonator (VSRR)  

摘要： This article presents a novel miniaturized circularly polarized (CP) antenna based on periodically structured surfaces inspired by the vertical split-ring resonator (VSRR). The VSRR is considered as a magnetic dipole placed above the ground, which could excite strong boresight radiation with a reduced size. To enhance the aperture gain, multicapacitors and inductors (Multi-C&L) are loaded on the loop, which replace the single capacitive gap of the conventional split-ring resonator (SRR). Here an SRR-inspired periodic structure with a relatively uniform field distribution is achieved. The stepped impedance resonator (SIR) structure, as the unit cell of the SRR-inspired surface, is analyzed and investigated using the circuit models derived from the SRR. By cascading multiple high-value capacitors, a larger aperture with a uniform field distribution is obtained. Linearly polarized (LP) and CP antennas are studied. The proposed CP antenna is made of thin substrates and metallic screws, resulting in a negligible dielectric loss. It offers attractive features including a compact size, a low profile (0.191 lambda(0) x 0.191 lambda(0) x 0.032 lambda(0)), good radiation efficiency, novel working principle, flexible performance control, and a bandwidth well covering the 902-928 MHz UHF band, which is well situated for radio frequency identification (RFID) application.

关键词： radio frequency identification (RFID)   tag anti-collision   unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)   vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)  

摘要： In this paper, we investigate tags in anti-collision applications of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The integration of RFID technology in UAV-aided VANETs can provide reliable traffic-related services for vehicles. However, multiple tags' simultaneous responses to a reader mounted on a UAV, denoted as tag collision, gravely affect the correct tag detection on each vehicle. Therefore, in order to decrease the collision probability and improve the throughput, we propose a multi-frequency tag identification method. In the proposed scheme, we devise a tag grouping method based on adaptive power control to make the reader dynamically match the optimal frame length. Based on the above matching results, we introduce a tag estimation method using the optimal weight to improve the accuracy of tag estimation. We theoretically analyze the closed-form expression of the security outage probability expression. Finally, our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed tag anti-collision scheme achieved significant performance superiority in terms of the throughput and identification time slots.

关键词： RFID   collision recovery   orthogonal accessing control   massive network   group theory  

摘要： Efficient tag identification is critically important for the application of radio frequency identification (RFID). The recently proposed orthogonal coset identification (OCSID) achieves orthogonal tag ID scanning without spectrum spreading so that the tag IDs can be recovered from collision. In the OCSID, the IDs are generated from binary vector set {-1, +1}(B) , which is only available for binary modulation. In this letter, we show that B dimensional M order vector set {1, el2 pi/M , ..., e12 pi/M , ...,}(B) can be decomposed to M-B/B disjoint orthogonal subsets, where M is the modulation order, $B$ is a positive integer power of 2. Based on this, we generalize the OCSID from binary to arbitrary order and propose M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) OCSID. We show a possible way to adopt the MPSK OCSID into EPC global C1 Gen2 standard, and with the consideration of the synchronization error, we also present a hybrid of the MPSK OCSID and the Aloha. Numerical results show that the MPSK OCSID based protocol can considerably improve the efficiency, even for the non-perfect synchronization cases.

关键词： Asset Tracking   Dead Reckoning   Indoor Location   Indoor Navigation   Multiple-sensor systems   RFID   Sensor applications   Sensor data fusion  

摘要： The benefits of the fourth industrial revolution are realised through accurate capture and processing of data relating to product, process, asset and supply chain activities. Although services such as Global Positioning Services (GPS) can be relied on outdoors, indoor positioning remains a challenge due to the characteristics of indoor environments (including metal structures, changing environments and personnel). An accurate Indoor Positioning System (IPS) is required to provide end-to-end asset tracking within a manufacturing supply chain to improve security and process monitoring. Inertial measurement units (IMU) are commonly used for indoor positioning and routing services due to their low cost and ease of implementation. However, IMU accuracy (including heading and orientation detection) is reduced by the effects of indoor environmental conditions (such as motors and metallic structures) and require low-cost reliable solutions to improve accuracy. The current state of the art utilises algorithms to adjust the IMU data and improve accuracy, resulting in error propagation. The research outlined in this paper explores the use of passive RFID tags as a low cost, non-invasive method to reorient an IMU step and heading algorithm. This is achieved by confirming reference location to correct drift in scenarios where magnetometer and zero velocity updates are not available. The RFID tag correction method is demonstrated to map the route taken by an asset carried by personnel in an indoor environment. The test scenario task is representative of warehousing and delivery tasks where asset and personnel tracking are required. (C) 2021 The Author(s). CC_BY_4.0