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关键词： Pattern recognition   Decoding   Training   Radar imaging   Decision trees   RFID tags   Substrates   Chipless RFID tags   chipless sensors   convolutional neural network   deep learning   mm-wave band   pattern recognition   RFID   side-looking aperture radar   synthetic aperture radar (SAR)  

摘要： Chipless RFID tag decoding has some inherent degrees of uncertainty because there is no handshake protocol between chipless tags and readers. This article initially compares the outcome of different pattern recognition methods to decode some frequency-based tags in the mm-wave spectrum. It will be shown that these pattern recognition methods suffer from almost 2%-5% false decoding rate. To overcome this misdecoding problem, two novel methods of making images of the chipless tags are presented. The first method is making 2-D images based on side-looking aperture radar concepts, and the second one is making virtual 2-D images from the 1-D backscattering signals. Then, a 2-D decoding algorithm is suggested based on a convolutional neural network to decode those tag images and compare the results. It is shown that this combined decoding method has very high accuracy, and it almost eliminates any ambiguity and false decoding problems. This is the first time a deep learning method is used with image construction methods to decode chipless RFID tags.

关键词： Head gesture recognition   Device-Free   Commodity RFID  

摘要： Research shows that the head posture not only contains important interpersonal information but also is an external manifestation of human psychological activities. Head posture plays an important role in automotive safety, smart home, and other intelligent environments. Rf-based posture recognition method provides a non-contact and privacy protection method to detect and monitor human activities. However, how to separate weak activity state information from reflected signals has been a big challenge for this kind of method. This paper proposes HeadSee, a passive human head gesture sensing system built on a cheap commodity RFID device. Without attaching any device to the human body, HeadSee using ICA extracts the weak reflected RF signals from the human body for gesture sensing. And then HeadSee carefully models the head movement by utilizing the signal's phase/RSS (received signal strength) changes and successfully quantifies the head gesture with continuous sequences of movement states. Extensive experiments show that even with interfering movements from other body parts, HeadSee can still achieve around 91% recognition accuracy of the head gestures.

关键词： Public key   Privacy   RFID tags   Receivers   Third-party logistics   RFID   data sharing   security   privacy  

摘要： Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a key emerging technology to improve data sharing in item distribution systems. By attaching RFID tags to items, item related data can be bound to items and participants involved in an item distribution system can directly store, access and update the data by interrogating the tags. Such a flexible data access manner of RFID technology, however, raises privacy and security concerns. In this article, we focus on a special item distribution system named RFID-enabled Third-party Distribution (RTD) system and identify two inherent security and privacy requirements. We further design a Secure RTD system called Ants, which uses cryptography to protect item messages carried by tags to satisfy both of the requirements while preserving the flexible data access manner of RFID technology. Ants introduces two new techniques named commitment accumulation and selective message proof for memory-constrained tags to carry long crypto-item messages. We conduct theoretical analysis and experiments to demonstrate the security and efficiency of Ants.

关键词： Industrial internet of things (IIoT)   arbiter physical unclonable function (APUF)   deep learning (DL)   radio frequency identification (RFID)  

摘要： The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is designed to refine and optimize the process controls, thereby leveraging improvements in economic benefits, such as efficiency arid productivity. However, the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in an IIoT environment has problems such as low security and high cost. To overcome such issues, a mutual authentication scheme that is suitable for RFID systems, wherein techniques in Deep Learning (DL) are incorporated onto the Arbiter Physical Unclonable Function (APUF) for the secured access authentication of the IC circuits on the IoT, is proposed. The design applies the APUF-MPUF mutual authentication structure obtained by DL to generate essential real-time authentication information, thereby taking advantage of the feature that the tag in the PUF circuit structure does not need to store any essential information and resolving the problem of key storage. The proposed scheme also uses a bitwise comparison method, which hides the PUF response information and effectively reduces the resource overhead of the system during the verification process, to verify the correctness of the two strings. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme has high robustness and security against different conventional attack methods, and the storage and communication costs are 95.7% and 42.0% lower than the existing schemes, respectively.

关键词： Apis mellifera   bee longevity   flight ontogeny   foraging performance   pollination performance   radio frequency identification (RFID)   temporal polyethism  

摘要： Measuring individual foraging performance of pollinators is crucial to guide environmental policies that aim at enhancing pollinator health and pollination services. Automated systems have been developed to track the activity of individual honey bees, but their deployment is extremely challenging. This has limited the assessment of individual foraging performance in full-strength bee colonies in the field. Most studies available to date have been constrained to use downsized bee colonies located in urban and suburban areas. Environmental policy-making, on the other hand, needs a more comprehensive assessment of honey bee performance in a broader range of environments, including in remote agricultural and wild areas. Here, we detail a new autonomous field method to record high-quality data on the flight ontogeny and foraging performance of honey bees, using radio frequency identification (RFID). We separate bee traffic into returning and exiting tunnels to improve data quality solving many previous limitations of RFID systems caused by traffic jams and the parasitic coupling of RFID antennae. With this method, we assembled a large RFID dataset made of control bee colonies from experiments conducted in different locations and seasons. We hope our results will be a starting point to understand how ontogenetic and environmental factors affect the individual performance of honey bees and that our method will enable large-scale replication of individual pollinator performance studies.

关键词： RFID   knowledge-based   query tree   anti-collision protocol   bit tracking  

摘要： In an IoT (Internet of Things) system where each IoT device has one/many RFID tags, there might be many RFID tags. However, when multiple tags respond to the reader's interrogation at the same time, their signals collide. Due to the collision, the reader must request the colliding tags to retransmit their IDs, resulting in higher communication overhead and longer identification time. Therefore, this paper presents a Bit-tracking Knowledge-based Query Tree (BKQT), which uses two techniques: knowledge, which stores all the tag IDs that can possibly occur, and bit tracking, which allows the reader to detect the locations of the collided bits in a collision slot. BKQT constructs a query tree for all possible tags, called a k-tree, by using knowledge while it constructs bit-collision cases and the corresponding actions for each node in this k-tree by using bit tracking. In the identification process, BKQT traverses this constructed k-tree and thus identifies the colliding tags faster by taking the actions according to the happening bit-collision cases. From the simulation results, BKQT can improve the identification time by 44.3%, 46.4%, and 25.1%, compared with the previous knowledge-based protocols, Knowledge Query Tree (KQT), Heuristic Query Tree (H-QT), Query Tree with Shortcutting and Couple Resolution (QTSC), respectively.

关键词： chipless RFID   corrosion   organic coating   degradation   sensors  

摘要： Coating degradation is a critical issue when steel surfaces are subject to weathering. This paper presents a chipless, passive antenna tag, which can be applied onto organically coated steel. Simulations indicated that changes associated with organic coating degradation, such as the formation of defects and electrolyte uptake, produced changes in the backscattered radar cross section tag response. This may be used to determine the condition of the organic coating. Simulating multiple aging effects simultaneously produced a linear reduction in tag resonant frequency, suggesting coating monitoring and lifetime estimation may be possible via this method. For coatings thinner than calculations would suggest to be optimum, it was found that the simulated response could be improved by the use of a thin substrate between the coated sample and the antenna without vastly affecting results. Experimental results showed that changes to the dielectric properties of the coating through both the uptake of water and chemical degradation were detected through changes in the resonant frequency.

关键词： T-matching network   two split arcs   ultralong range   widehand  

摘要： A wideband planar passive UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with an ultralong range is proposed in this letter. It is electrically small with a compact footprint of 59.6 mm x 33.3 mm (0.18 lambda x 0.10 lambda). The tag is designed based on a T-matching network, and two split arcs are introduced to adjust the resistance and reactance of the tag for the first time. Due to the almost perfect conjugate matching, the power transmission coefficient of the proposed tag reaches 99.63%. Finally, it has been fabricated and tested. The measured read range of the tag is greater than 6.2 m within the whole UHF-RFID band (860-960 MHz) with a maximum value of 213 mat 910 MHz (with 4 W effective isotropic radiated power).

关键词： NMF   minimum correlation   RFID   anti-collision   underdeter-mined mixture  

摘要： Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a promising data-driven matrix decomposition method, and is becoming very active and attractive in machine learning and blind source separation areas. So far NMF algorithm has been widely used in diverse applications, including image processing, anti-collision for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems and audio signal analysis, and so on. However the typical NMF algorithms cannot work well in underdetermined mixture, i.e., the number of observed signals is less than that of source signals. In practical applications, adding suitable constraints fused into NMF algorithm can achieve remarkable decomposition results. As a motivation, this paper proposes to add the minimum volume and minimum correlation constrains (MCV) to the NMF algorithm, which makes the new algorithm named MCV-NMF algorithm suitable for underdetermined scenarios where the source signals satisfy mutual independent assumption. Experimental simulation results validate that the MCV-NMF algorithm has a better performance improvement in solving RFID tag anti-collision problem than that of using the nearest typical NMF method.

关键词： Authentication   Computational cost   Line-of-sight   RFID technology   Security and privacy   Ubiquitous computing  

摘要： Radio frequency identification (RFID) is becoming one of the best optimistic technology in the area of ubiquitous computing that plays the most crucial role in object identification as a ubiquitous infrastructure. Indeed, an important role of RFID technology is to provide wireless communication between the RFID tags and readers without line-of-sight (LoS) readability. The tags store the sensitive information of an object or thing in RFID systems. The reader reads and writes data, while the backend server stores the information sent by the readers through radio frequency signals. Moreover, the reader collects data from the distinct tags and broadcasts them, and then sends it to the server for further processing. However, security and privacy is a key concern in RFID systems, where an adversary may perform several types of security attacks. To overcome such issues, we have proposed a novel vector-space-based lightweight RFID authentication protocol which integrates the concept of vector space, basis, and linear mapping in this paper that achieves secure authentication. The security analysis has been done that demonstrates the proposed protocol provides resistance to various known attacks. The performance analysis shows the less computation cost associated with the tags, less storage, and communication overhead as well. The proposed protocol provides higher security with lesser cost and shows suitability for low-cost RFID systems. © 2021, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management.