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关键词： Radiofrequency identification   Protocols   Standards   Temperature sensors   Monitoring   IEEE transactions   Hardware   RFID   range detection   time efficiency  

摘要： RFID is becoming ubiquitously available in our daily life. After RFID tags are deployed to make attached objects identifiable, a natural next step is to communicate with the tags and collect their information for the purpose of tracking tagged objects or monitoring their surroundings in real-time. In this paper, we study an under-investigated problem range detection in a commodity RFID system, which aims to check if there are any tags with the data between an upper and lower boundary in a time-efficient way. This is important especially in a large RFID system, which can help users quickly pinpoint the target tags (if any) and give an early warning to users for taking urgent actions and reducing the potential risk in the nascent stage. We propose two tailored protocols, selective query and range query, to achieve range detection within the scope of the C1G2 standard. The novelty is that, instead of querying each tag, we exploit the capability of C1G2-compatible selection and quickly separate target tags from others by silencing most of tags. The final result is that range query is able to achieve a range detection with only one query command. We implement the proposed protocols in commodity RFID systems, with no need for any hardware modifications. Extensive experiments show that range query is able to improve the time efficiency by an order of magnitude, compared with the baseline.

关键词： Graphene   Biopolymer   Antenna   Radio frequency identification (RFID) tag  

摘要： Flexible films fabricated using two different conductive pastes based on mixtures of graphene and biopolymers have been used to fabricate passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags consisting of a dipole antenna and a microchip on a paper substrate. The preparation of these composite materials, in addition to the design, manufacturing and characterization of the tags are presented. A comparison of the fabricated tags is carried out, focusing on the most relevant parameters for real applications: read range, dimensions and mechanical robustness. Read ranges from 7.2 m to 9.1 m were reached with conductivities from 1.01 x 104 S/m to 2.04 x 104 S/m, respectively. The results demonstrated that these low-cost materials can be used for mid-range applications, constituting a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative unlike commercial metal-based tags.

关键词： Inventory   Omnichannel   On-shelf availability   RFID   Response to stockout  

摘要： Practitioners have long known that item-level tracking of products with the aid of radio frequency identification (RFID) has an exceptionally high potential for application with omnichannel fulfillment. Investments in both RFID and omnichannel expanded, but there was a lack of studies to assess their benefits. The introduction of omnichannel retailing is a big challenge for managers since it demands higher stocking levels due to the higher shrinkage cost. This research focuses on modeling one of the promising RFID applications: in-store merchandise tracking on item level. This model shows how a combination of consumers' response to stockout in omnichannel retailing coupled with item-level RFID tracking ensures inventory reduction, leading to higher on-shelf avail-ability and lower cost. Thus, a modeling approach allows defining the value of the costly investment in the in- store location tracking in omnichannel fulfillment. A comparison is made between three scenarios: no- omnichannel and no-RFID;omnichannel without RFID;and omnichannel with RFID. In addition, this study examines under which parameters of costs, backlogging, brand and store switching, and other conditions one scenario could be more profitable for a retailer than another. The main finding of the study suggests the retailer's profitability could increase significantly as a result of the combined effect of investment in omnichannel fulfillment and item-level RFID. At the same time, the optimal inventory could be reduced. This study supports evidence of the higher return on investment in item-level RFID tracking of fashion products in omnichannel retailing.

关键词： Ultra-Lightweight protocol   Reader impersonation   Tag tracking   De-synchronization  

摘要： Radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems represent a support technology employed for the internet of things (IoT). Since RFID systems are now used extensively, it would be a mistake to disregard security problems and user privacy protection. However, constraints on computing power and storage resources in inexpensive tags of RFID have made the execution of security issues difficult. In other words, a persistent formidable challenge to RFID security is to design ultra-lightweight authentication protocols for RFID systems in acceptable compatibility with EPC Class-1 Generation-2 standards. Xiao et al. has recently proposed an appropriate lightweight authentication protocol for inexpensive tags by benefiting from the lightweight block cipher algorithm. They have claimed that their proposed protocol is resistant to all of the known attacks which may occur in RFID systems. In this paper, we show that the LRSAS protocol is vulnerable to replay, reader impersonation, tag tracking, and desynchronization attacks. We demonstrate that the use of fixed messages in the communication between the tag and the reader is led to these attacks. To improve the LRSAS protocol, We propose three lightweight protocols LRSAS+, LRARP, and LRARP+. We analyze the security level of the proposed protocols and prove the security of the proposed design using Gong-Needham-Yahalom logic (GNY logic). We also formally confirmed the security of the proposal using the Scyther simulation tool. According to security analysis, we can observe that these protocols have a high level of security. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed protocols is analyzed. A comparison of the performance of these three protocols with similar protocols shows that these protocols are at a better level than similar protocols in terms of computational costs, storage costs, and communication costs.

关键词： Radio frequency identification (RFID)   Industry 4   0   Mobile robot   Phase unwrapping   Warehouse logistics  

摘要： The Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0, aims at automating traditional manufacturing and industrial practices using modern smart technology. Autonomous mobile robots equipped with different sensors and employing different techniques have been proposed in the literature in the logistics and inventory warehouse management contexts. Efficient robot motion and planning depend on precise localization, mapping, and awareness of the environment. To properly localize items, recent attempts have been made employing radio frequency identification (RFID) in a 3D environment. This manuscript introduces four least mean squares methods to estimate the 3D positions of tags employing synthetic apertures and phase unwrapping. The proposed methods approach the localization problem solving a system of equations typical of multilateration methods to find the intersections of multiple hyperboloids. The novelty introduced here is the use of unwrapped phase distances to compute pseudo ranges for the multilateration problem. The use of such a technique is feasible thanks to precise mobile robot localization and custom navigation policies. All the analyzed methods are suitable for online localization due to reduced computation timings and have been tested on three different datasets. Two of them contain virtual data that has been generated by simulation, while the other one comes from an indoor experimental setup. Simulated tests show that combined antenna motions in 3D space (including Z-axis) improve the localization obtaining errors under the centimeter for 3D localization. Experimental tests obtained results as low as 13 cm of mean accuracy for 3D localization and 0.21 cm for 2D localization.

关键词： Implantable medical devices   radiofrequency identification   transcutaneous telemetry   wireless power transfer  

摘要： Wireless communication with Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) based onRadiofrequency Identification in theUHF band suffers fromthe constraints on themaximum power absorbed by the body tissues. Accordingly, an interrogating antenna placed onto the skin is capable to monitor only a limited region just below its footprint. In some applications like the hand prosthesis controlled by Electromyographic signals emitted by muscle contractions, multiple IMDs have to be used to increase the degrees of freedom in driving the actuators. An array of interrogators, working in the near-field can mitigate this bottleneck by greatly extend the read region inside the body. Sequentially- and simultaneouslyfed arrays by a same reader are here investigated to optimize the multi-sensor backscattering modulated links. The conditions (feeding scheme and alignment) to guarantee a robust interrogation of a relevant number of implanted sensors with no battery onboard are identified also accounting for the safety constraints related to the SAR. Numerical simulations and experimentation with a cylindrical phantom resembling human limbs, hosting reference antennas, demonstrate that the simultaneous feed permits to interact with eight IMDs by using nearly all the available power from typical readers (30 dBm, 22 dBm as aminimum) without exceeding the SAR limit with a power margin (w.r.t. sensor-oriented ICs with -10 dBm power sensitivity) of more than 5 dB for any angular alignment between the array and the sensors.

关键词： RFID   multiple categories   multi-reader   detection of missing tags  

摘要： Missing tag incidents are common in RFID-enabled supply-chain and warehousing scenarios due to cargo theft and employee error operations, which may lead to serious economic losses or potential safety hazards. On the premise of ensuring the accuracy of missing tag detection, this paper aims to improve the time efficiency in an integrated RFID system. Unlike prior work focusing on detecting missing items from a large number of homogeneous tags that are monitored by a single reader, one integrated RFID system possesses multiple readers to communicate with the heterogeneous tags, which have different categorical attributes. In addition, the prior work required repeating the execution several times to capture the missing tags in assorted categories, which is of low time efficiency. Thus, a protocol called Multi-reader Missing Tag Detection (MMTD) is proposed to capture the missing tag quickly and reliably, which can detect missing tags from different categories in a parallel manner and is much more time-efficient than previous work. MMTD has two major advantages compared to prior work: (i) It leverages the knowledge of the spatial distribution of tags to divide up a difficult detection task into several lightweight tasks, which are shared by multiple readers. (ii) It personalizes the time frame of the reader based on the tag population to optimize the utilization of the communication channel. The final simulation results reveal that MMTD is the best in time-efficiency among the comparison protocols, and MMTD outperforms the other missing tag detection protocols by at least 1.5 x in the Integrated RFID scenarios.

关键词： Encoding   Resistors   Wires   Patch antennas   Antenna measurements   Switches   Resonators   Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID)   switchable wave impedance   time-domain scattering modulation  

摘要： In this communication, we present a low-cost chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with a high data capacity and a wide reading range based on time-domain scattering modulation. The proposed tag consists of a slotted square patch antenna with a switchable resistor and a mechanically driven slider etched with a barcode-like metallic wire array. Encoding is achieved by the presence and absence of the metallic wire on the slider, and tag identification is obtained by sequential bit reading. A special encoding strategy is applied to improve its insensitivity to the motion velocity of the slider. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, a prototype designed to operate at 2.1 GHz was fabricated and measured, and the experimental results verified the effectiveness. Compared with the methods based on time-domain reflectometry, spectral signature, and resonator-based sequential encoding, the proposed approach provides a substantially enhanced data capacity within a narrow spectrum without sacrificing its reading range and tag size, due to the design of nonresonant code cell. Such a mechanically triggered chipless RFID tag exhibits promising potentials in some practical applications, such as personal ID and credit cards.

关键词： Environmental technology  

摘要： With the continuous development of China's economy, the pace of urbanization is accelerating, and the upstream and downstream industrial correlation of urban engineering construction projects is even more complex. Therefore, each management link of the environmental construction project has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the project, especially for safety management. The step-wise application of BIM and RFID technologies provides a more viable method for the safety management of construction projects. This paper aims to study the safety management of construction projects based on BIM and RFID technologies. This article selects the construction project safety management as the research object, applies BIM and RFID technology to the construction project safety management process, summarizes the application of BIM and RFID technology in the construction project safety management, and designed the technical construction project safety management platform based on BIM and RFID. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Forest operations   Individual tree detection   Traceability   RFID   Location analytics   Activity recognition   Smart forestry   Supply chain  

摘要： Purpose of Review Individual tree detection (ITD) methods and technologies for tracking individual forest products through a smart operational supply chain from stump to mill are now available. The purpose of this paper is to (1) review the related literature for audiences not familiar with remote sensing and tracking technologies and (2) to identify knowledge gaps in operational forestry and forest operations research now that these new data and systems are becoming more common. Recent Findings Past research has led to successful development of ITD remote sensing methods for detecting individual tree information and radio frequency identification (RFID), branding, and other product tracing methods for individual trees and logs. Blockchain and cryptocurrency that allow independent verification of transactions and work activity recognition based on mobile and wearable sensors can connect the mechanized and motor-manual components of supply chains, bridging gaps in the connectivity of data. However, there is a shortage of research demonstrating use of location-aware tree and product information that spans multiple machines. Commercial products and technologies are now available to digitalize forest operations. Research should shift to evaluation of applications that demonstrate use. Areas for improved efficiencies include (1) use of wearable technology to map individual seedlings during planting;(2) optimizing harvesting, skidding and forwarder trails, landings, and decking based on prior knowledge of tree and product information;(3) incorporation of high-resolution, mapped forest product value and treatment cost into harvest planning;(4) improved machine navigation, automation, and robotics based on prior knowledge of stem locations;(5) use of digitalized silvicultural treatments, including microclimate-smart best management practices;and (6) networking of product tracking across multiple, sensorized machines.