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关键词： RFID   group ownership transfer   authentication   vulnerabilities  

摘要： As RFID tags identify objects at the item level, proper authentication of these tags is of paramount importance in RFID-based systems. While RFID tag authentication in systems where these tags are assigned to be read by a single reader is challenging enough due to resource constraints related to memory and processing power at the tag's side, it is not uncommon for RFID tags to be read by multiple readers. Even more, when an item moves between owners, ownership of the RFID tagged item needs to be updated to reflect reality. As authentication protocols play a critical role in RFID-based systems, it is necessary to ensure that any developed protocol is free from vulnerabilities that can be taken advantage by an adversary to mount attacks on the system. Lee et al. (Information Systems Frontiers, 21, 1153-1166, 2019) develop group ownership authentication protocols for a group of RFID-tagged items that simultaneously switch ownership. We evaluate the protocols in Lee et al. (Information Systems Frontiers, 21, 1153-1166, 2019) and identify several critical vulnerabilities. We then discuss the sources of these vulnerabilities and common precautions that should be taken to avoid such vulnerabilities.

关键词： CMOS   RFID   ASK modulator   adaptive body-biasing   current-reuse VCO  

摘要： A low-power consuming amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulator designed in 130 nm CMOS technology and operating at 10.5 GHz frequency is presented in this work. The modulator is based on current-reuse voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which uses the effects of adaptive body-biasing and injection locking (IL) to achieve low-phase noise and low-power operation. The VCO has a phase noise of -106 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The ASK modulator consumes 790 mu W with a 1.1 V voltage supply and draws an average current of 719 mu A. For applying the bulk-biasing signal, a deep n-well NMOS is used in the PMOS-NMOS oscillator pair which isolates the substrate and avoids the current path through it. The post-layout simulation results of the 0.5 x 0.5 mm(2) modulator IC verify its low-power, low-phase noise operation. It is intended for use in self-powered active high data rate radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.

关键词： Antennas   RFID tags   Databases   Inventory management   Transportation   Roads   Real-time systems   Radio-frequency identification (RFID)   traffic signage management system   inventory   database   in-vehicle RFID reader   handheld RFID reader  

摘要： This paper presents the design and analysis of an automated traffic signage inventory management system employing the radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. Traffic signage inventory management faces the operational challenge of recognizing a large number of traffic signs spread in a large area without obvious identifications on them. Thanks to the remote sensing ability of RFID, the operational efficiency can be significantly improved by scanning traffic signs remotely in motion. The system consists of an in-vehicle RFID reader and a handheld RFID reader, both of which connect to mobile applications with user-friendly interfaces. Additionally, user-friendly control software and a database are developed. In this paper, the adequacy of the RFID technology for the task is assessed. On the theoretical side, this paper investigates the radio-wave propagation model and the antenna radiation range. Additionally, the influences of the vehicle speed and the sign-to-reader distance on the reading performance are studied and empirical tests of the tag positioning are conducted. Finally, a system protocol is validated by a field test.

关键词： Harmonic analysis   Temperature measurement   Radiofrequency identification   Temperature sensors   Schottky diodes   Rail transportation   Prototypes   Diode Schottky   harmonic sensor   radio-frequency identification (RFID)  

摘要： This letter presents a new passive sensor for temperature measurements based on a harmonic radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag that uses the temperature sensitivity of Schottky diodes as the main component for the generation of harmonics. The design of the harmonic sensor is based on the fact that the diode is a nonlinear device that when excited at one fundamental frequency generates harmonics of that signal. In this case, the generation mechanism is sensitive to temperature due to the diode thermal voltage variation with temperature. Measurements prove the performance of the sensor.

关键词： metamaterial   microstrip antenna   gain   dual band frequencies   AMC backing structure   wireless communication  

摘要： This work presents the design and fabrication of a metamaterial-based stimulated dual band antenna on FR4 material (dielectric constant 4.3) to operate in Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) and Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) applications. The antenna model had an overall dimension of 70 x 31 x 1.6 mm(3) with etched T-slots and L-slots for dual band resonance. The main objective of this work was to enhance the gain performance characteristic at the selected dual band frequencies of 0.915 GHz and 2.45 GHz. Initially, it achieved a narrow bandwidth of 0.018 GHz with a gain of 1.53 dBi at a lower frequency, and 0.13 GHz of bandwidth featuring 4.49 dBi of gain at a higher frequency. The antenna provided an impedance bandwidth of 2% (0.905-0.923 GHz) and 5% (2.382-2.516 GHz) at two resonating frequencies. The antenna was integrated with a designed novel AMC structure to enhance the gain in CST Microwave Studio software with the finite integration method. The characteristic features of the AMC unit cell were observed at 0.915 GHz and 2.45 GHz frequencies and after antenna integration, the final prototype achieved a gain of 2.87 dBi at 0.915 GHz and 6.8 dBi at 2.45 GHz frequencies.

关键词： EPC global UHF gen2   frequency synthesizer   ISF manipulation   noise transfer function   spectrum mask   UHF RFID  

摘要： This brief presents the CMOS fractional-N frequency synthesizer for UHF RFID reader applications. With stringent phase noise (PN) specifications for UHF RFID transceiver, our proposed synthesizer is designed to have a narrow loop bandwidth and 2nd-order loop filter as the optimum solution paired with low noise VCO. Then, we propose the transformer-based impulse sensitivity function (ISF) manipulating VCO that supports the target PN of the frequency synthesizer, albeit with large pass-band characteristic. Compared to conventional ISF manipulating VCO, our proposed solution improves the PN by 11.3 and 14.7 dB at 10 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies, respectively. Figure of merit (FOM) is also superior to conventional one by 7.4 and 10.9 dB at aforementioned offset frequencies. The frequency synthesizer is implemented in a 55nm CMOS technology as a part of the UHF RFID transmitter and consumes 38.4 mW power with 0.413 mm(2) active area. With comparison to the state-of-the-art frequency synthesizer at sub-6GHz operating frequency, only our solution satisfies the target PN for EPC global standard and various local regulations across the entire UHF RFID operating frequency range.

关键词： Cross dipole   GPS   IoT   Reader   RFID  

摘要： The radio frequency identification (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) are employed for indoor and outdoor tracking scenarios. This paper presents an amalgamated identification mechanism for sensing and tracking in an Internet of things (IoT) network. A low-profile, compact, multi-functional antenna configuration is proposed for the amalgamation application. The antenna operates in the 915 MHz (UHF), 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz RFID bands, along with the 1.575 GHz GPS L1 band. The presented antenna is a cross dipole configuration consisting of three pairs of dipole elements printed on both sides of the dielectric substrate. The first and third dipole pairs are larger and smaller metal strips with half-arrow shaped ends that excite the 915 MHz and 5.8 GHz bands, respectively. The second dipole pair is an asymmetric triangular-shaped radiator that excites the 1.575 GHz and 2.45 GHz bands. Using quarter wavelength ring delay lines, circular polarization is obtained in each band. The GPS band, in combination with the RFID bands, improves the efficiency and accuracy of the reader tracking device. The proposed multiband antenna prototype is fabricated on the 45 degrees rotated substrate material, resulting in a compact size of 0.2120 x 0.2120 x 0.00420. The antenna simulation and measurement results are in close agreement.

关键词： healthcare   identification   Internet of Things   RFID   RFID sensor tag  

摘要： RFID (radio frequency identification) technology appeared nearly 70 years ago. Deployed more widely only from the early 2000s, it is now booming and its development is still accelerating. As its name indicates, its original function was the identification (of objects, animals, people) and its applications were then essentially aimed at traceability, access control and logistics. If this type of use is still relevant today with more and more new application contexts and more and more efficient RFID tags, RFID has also evolved by integrating new capabilities. These new tags, known as augmented tags, include an information capture function. With the explosion of connected objects and the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), this old technology that is RFID still has a promising future and will probably be more and more present in our private and professional environments in all fields: logistics, industry, agriculture, building, health and even space.

关键词： ASD   serious games   cognitive skill   learning device   IoT   RFID  

摘要： The objective of this article is to design, develop, and evaluate an Internet of Things (IoT)-based serious gaming platform for children with autism spectrum disorder The platform aims to improve the children's cognitive skills. To attain this research objective, first, a conceptual framework for developing the gaming platform was proposed. Then, the conceptual ideas were materialized by developing three games (a puzzle game, a function card game, and a road crossing game) to be included in the gaming platform, which also incorporated a mobile application and three hardware systems. The hardware platform was used to play the game, and the mobile application was used to select, control, manage, and store the gaming performance and visualize players' progress. The proposed gaming platform was evaluated with 15 special needs children. We found that the gaming platform was usable, effective, and useful for the children on the spectrum and noticeably contributed to improving their cognitive skills.

关键词： characteristic mode theory (CMT)   circular polarization (CP)   metasurface (MTS)   monopole antenna   UHF RFID  

摘要： In this research article, a printed dual-polarized metasurface (MTS) inspired printed monopole antenna using characteristics modes theory (CMT) is investigated for UHF RFID applications. A T-shaped monopole with U-shaped asymmetric stubs is designed to generate circular polarization (CP) radiation traits. The grounded MTS layer is constructed with array of unit cells and fixed at air-gap of lambda(o)/4 with reference to the monopole radiator (lambda(o) is free-space wavelength at CP frequency band, 945 MHz), offering good impedance bandwidth (IBW), stable CP boresight radiation gain, and high radiation efficiency. By using CMT, interpretation of CP characteristics is highlighted, that is, the resonating modes exhibit asymptotic nature at the designated CP band with symptotic nature above and beyond the designated operating bands. Dual-polarized characteristics are observed in both principal planes, due to the effect of grounded MTS loading. The prototype antenna of 0.315 lambda(o) x 0.315 lambda(o) is designed and validated. It operates from 836 to 1066 MHz with 24.18% IBW, 5.23% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) from 905.1 to 950 MHz and attains >6.8 dBic as a CP peak gain with the total efficiency of >83%. Prior to the attainment of good CP attributes in UHF RFID bands, it can be used for RF energy harvesting and wireless power transmission.