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关键词： Item-level RFID   Fast-Moving Consumer Goods   Retail 4.0   Internet of Things   IoT   Logistics   Smart Packaging  

摘要： The well-known Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is now evolving its applications: indeed, at the industrial level, it was firstly conceived at the pallet/case level for enhancing productivity and accuracy of logistics processes, while at present the focus is shifting towards item-level tagging applications for also managing in-store processes, including the selling experience. Due to a more technological customer, to the spread of e-commerce and the need of omnichannel sales availability, also Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) are subject to an evolution of the way of selling, enabled by an item-level RFID tagging. Since these technologies are connected to the fourth industrial revolution, this novelty is referred to as Retail 4.0, which is still an uncommon term among the scientific community. For this reason, this paper makes an attempt to define the state-of-the-art of research and industrial projects on this topic, and it represents the first study investigating the Retail 4.0 from a practical side, closing the scientific gap regarding this issue. Eleven documents and fourteen projects focusing on item-level RFID tagging of FMCGs are examined and categorized according to a pre-existing use cases framework, and the enabled scenarios under a Retail 4.0 perspective are identified and defined. Inventory and Life-Cycle Management related use cases turned out to be the most investigated (7 scientific documents and 12 projects), while the User Experience was only considered at the industrial level (12 projects). From both sides, the Product Integrity was not perceived as relevant (2 articles and 6 projects);similarly, scarce attention was paid to the sustainability functionality of packaging with a total of 1 scientific paper and 5 projects.

关键词： Radiofrequency identification   Harmonic analysis   Power harmonic filters   Received signal strength indicator   Location awareness   Machine learning   Frequency modulation   Artificial intelligence   harmonic signals   Internet of Things   machine learning   non-linear effects   UHF RFID   zoning  

摘要： This paper describes an effective method for improving the detection of UHF RFID (Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification) tags in a restricted area. The so-called zoning technique is a recurring problem in practical RFID applications: it consists in detecting within an environment with multiple tags that are exclusively present in the zone of interest. The proposed method is based on the concept of Nth harmonic, a new paradigm that involves utilizing the harmonic signals backscattered by tags. Such a method is coupled with a machine learning technique. Experimental results show the importance of harmonic features for better tags zoning. Using a four-layer CNN classifier, we can achieve 99% prediction accuracy by leaving a keep-out distance of 0.5 m between two zones, using the harmonic RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) sum feature, and 94.7% by using the best feature at f(0) , which is the RSSI max, achieving around 5 times less prediction errors. Furthermore, combining the harmonic and fundamental features leverage the prediction accuracy to 99.8%.

关键词： Chipless   eight state   monopole antenna   RFID tag   triple-mode resonator  

摘要： For multi-resonator based chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, a novel triple-mode resonator is designed by loading open-circuited stubs to a transmission line which is coupled to input and output ports. Since the proposed resonator provides independently controllable three resonant frequencies, three bits can be obtained by means of a single triple-mode resonator. The presence and absence of the open stubs results in eight states from a single triple-mode resonator. Therefore, N triple-mode resonators in different lengths can generate 8(N) different frequency codes. For this purpose, a multi-resonator circuit operating between 1.9 and 3.75 GHz is also developed by using 5 triple-mode resonators, so that 15 resonant frequencies can be obtained. Two conventional vertically/horizontally polarized monopole antennas are used to demonstrate the tag performance. Bit density and spectral efficiency of the designed tag are 29.04 bits/ lambda(2)(g) and 8.33 bits/GHz. Two chipless RFID tags having different frequency codes have been fabricated and tested in a good agreement with the predicted results. The designed tags have also been tested under various circumstances successfully.

关键词： Authentication   Hash functions   Fingerprint recognition   Indexes   Radiofrequency identification   Cryptography   Elliptic curve cryptography   RFID authentication   counterfeit tag detection   shift-hashing  

摘要： RFID tags are prone to counterfeit attacks in supply chain scenarios. The attacker often uses counterfeit tags to replace stolen tags to avoid being detected by the inventory process. To defend against such attacks, existing hash-based schemes have to know the hash functions embedded in tags, which are usually unavailable in large scale systems. This letter proposes a novel group-based slot constraint (GSC) scheme for lightweight counterfeit tag detection in RFID-enabled supply-chain systems. GSC can be integrated into the identification process by leveraging elaborately designed group hash functions to authenticate tags based on their slot correlation. That is, the tags in the same group can always map to slots with a fixed offset, which offers evidence for identifying counterfeit tags with an abnormal slot index. We also provide a theoretical analysis of the time slots required to achieve the desired accuracy. The simulation results show that GSC provides reliable accuracy without knowing exact hash functions.

关键词： 拖拉机   作业机具   机库   在线管理   RFID  

摘要： 随着我国传统农业向智慧农业的转型升级,农机装备数量日益增长,如何对农机进行更高效的管理并发挥其最大效率是当前亟待解决的问题。相关部门与企业开发了大量的农机管理系统,解决了田间定位、成本管理等问题,但其功能模式单一,且需要人工录入数据,对农机作业技术状态的实时监测与预警领域涉足不深,不能满足实际需要而机库的数字化与无人值守管理更是欠缺。基于上述问题,提出拖拉机及作业机具与机库在线管理系统的设计与开发。拖拉机及作业机具与机库在线管理系统包含三个部分:拖拉机移动端数据采集与无线传输系统、机库端现场管理与数据传输系统、可视化在线管理系统。主要研究内容为:(1)系统功能需求分析及总体设计。以农机专业合作社为使用对象,通过大量调查和业务分析,确定系统的业务需求和功能需求;从系统性和产业完整性角度出发,明确设计思想、参考标准、原则及方法,并对系统总体及各功能模块进行概要设计。(2)拖拉机移动端数据采集与无线传输系统设计。硬件部分包含传感器、控制器、RFID读写器、串口屏人机交互装置和具有GNSS定位功能的数据透传装置,软件设计则通过相应传感器检测拖拉机所在环境状态、实时工作状态,判定拖拉机工作技术状态和作业姿态,利用RFID读写器识别配套作业的机具,自动判定作业类型与驾驶人员,完成实时数据采集并通过无线传输模块发送至云平台,接受云平台回传数据并在移动终端上进行显示。(3)机库端现场管理与数据传输系统设计。基于系统完整性和无人值守的设计理念,对机库端现场管理包含的机库环境状态监测、车库门禁管理、基于RFID的拖拉机与机具库内定位管理、工具/备件管理和机库总控制系统的软硬件系统进行详细设计,构建基于RFID室内定位的机库实时电子地图。(4)基于WEB的可视化在线管理系统设计。基于Windows10操作系统环境,使用B/S模式进行开发,选用My SQL数据库与有人云Io T功能对可视化管理界面进行功能结构进行设计,完成界面框架搭建。(5)功能实现及主要参数测试。利用串口触摸屏的图形化设计技术,实现拖拉机移动终端的人机交互功能、机库端门禁系统管理功能、工具/备件的无人化管理功能开发;对开发的可视化在线管理系统进行功能验证,满足设计与实际生产需求;对发动机转速、作业面积、机库电子地图三个主要参数的监测精度进行试验测试,测试结果表明:三个主要参数的误差在允许范围之内,设计研发的拖拉机及作业机具与机库在线管理系统满足实际生产需要。

关键词： UHF-RFID   synthetic aperture radar   UHF-RFID localization   sensing   RFID sensors   radiolocalization   environmental sensing  

摘要： This paper presents an environmental mapping system based on passive Internet of Things (IoT) nodes implemented through Ultra High-Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) devices with sensing capabilities. An RFID sensor tag provides environmental information as temperature, humidity, lighting, etc. aside its unique identifier. The paper focuses on creating a detailed map of indoor facilities like buildings, warehouses, or plants by combining location information with sensing data. To achieve accurate positioning with passive RFID devices, the paper employs techniques based on the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) method. This method utilizes the phase of the backscattering signal and the relative motion between the reading antenna and the targeted devices, which can be implemented by a mobile robot. The paper includes a demonstrator that showcases the aforementioned system. Passive RFID sensor tags capable of monitoring temperature are deployed in an indoor scenario, whereas a moving antenna implements the SAR method. The results demonstrate localization errors within a few centimeters. The paper also presents criteria for selecting trajectories that may improve localization accuracy. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the actual capabilities of commercial passive RFID sensors.

关键词： 物联网   水禽   RFID   产蛋自动收集  

摘要： 目前我国的水禽养殖主要采用散养模式,对禽蛋的收集由人工完成。人工收集禽蛋容易造成捡蛋不及时、漏拾取、易出现坏蛋且工作量大、效率低下等问题,不同水禽个体的产蛋性能差异更不能被有效区分、辨别,导致养殖户因缺乏必要的水禽个体产蛋数据作为参考,不能更好地选育优质种禽或者及时轮换优质种禽,不利于水禽产蛋效益的提高,具有一定的局限性。本文针对实现水禽产蛋自动收集、产蛋数据自动采集的迫切需求,研究了基于物联网的水禽产蛋自动收集系统,为有效降低养殖户劳动强度、提高水禽养殖自动化水平及种禽选育提供支持。本文的主要研究内容及结论如下: (1)对水禽的产蛋习性及生理特性进行了系统的研究,分析了水禽及其禽蛋的体型、尺寸大小,为设计产蛋自动收集装置提供设计依据,同时,研究了物联网相关技术,为系统设计提供理论指导。 (2)设计了系统的机械结构装置,包括产蛋自动收集装置、禽蛋输送装置、集蛋装置三部分,并对关键零件进行了有限元分析。 (3)系统的硬件设计,以RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)系统识别水禽个体身份信息,树莓派开发板为控制器,结合电动推杆模块、光电传感器模块、无线数据传输模块等器件实现对硬件控制电路的设计。同时,对电动推杆直流电机进行了PID(Proportion、Integration、Differentiation)控制建模仿真,确定了直流电机PID控制的相关参数。 (4)系统软件设计,以设计的水禽产蛋自动收集算法程序实现系统对禽蛋收集过程的自动控制,同时,设计了PID控制算法程序以平稳控制电动推杆的运行。设计开发上位机软件系统实现对水禽产蛋相关数据的远程监测、展示及管理。 (5)进行水禽产蛋自动收集装置样机试制及系统试验测试,在完成样机制作的基础上,对水禽产蛋自动收集系统进行了性能试验,结果表明在产蛋自动收集算法程序控制下,系统能正确地完成对禽蛋的自动收集,并能远程实时实现对产蛋相关数据的监测、展示及处理,验证了系统的可行性。在水禽养殖场搭建试验环境,对水禽RFID电子标签识别及其产蛋自动收集系统性能进行了现场试验,结果表明在阅读器调整为17dbm的输出功率下,水禽标签信息在产蛋区的必要范围内能100%被识别,系统能正确对水禽产蛋进行自动收集,对禽蛋数量统计准确率为98.19%,具有较高的准确性及稳定性。

关键词： Temperature sensors   Wildfire   Threshold temperatures   High-density polyethylene   Ultra-high frequency  

摘要： Recent wildfire events in California and Oregon have resulted in localized water contamination. A potential cause is the heating of polymer-based water service lines and mains in these communities. Finding the source of contamination can be a huge burden on municipalities, taking significant resources and time. The investigation in Santa Rosa and Paradise, California took months and millions of dollars and delayed the recovery time for these communities. These contamination events highlighted the need for a quicker, more efficient way to check water lines in affected areas. Previous research has shown that the threshold temperatures that result in contamination are 194° C for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and 250° C for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, respectively. The objective of this work is the development of a low-cost sensor system to identify potentially damaged pipelines and sources of water contamination. The proposed solution is a radio frequency identification (RFID) based temperature sensor to indicate once a certain temperature is reached. Passive, ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags are used in conjunction with a trigger mechanism that disconnects after the threshold temperature is reached over a meaningful duration. Passive RFID tags will allow for the sensor to work without the use of batteries and are low-cost. The design and characterization of the sensor utilize two experimental frameworks: (1) benchtop testing, and (2) small-scale tests in a more realistic environment. The benchtop testing identified the trigger temperature, mechanism, and reliability of the sensor design. The small-scale testing installs the sensors on buried pipes subjected to a realistic fire load. The resulting design and characterization will be presented in terms of accuracy and reliability. Additionally, the heat flux of the benchtop testing will differ from a more realistic environment, so the results will be compared to isolate how the heat flux might impact future W

关键词： 超高频RFID   多天线覆盖技术   空时分集检测   低成本阅读器  

摘要： 随着第五代移动通信和物联网技术的不断发展,射频识别技术(Radio Frequency Identification,RFID)凭借其独特优势在“万物互联”新时代扮演重要角色;同时国内集成芯片产业逐步兴起,国产低成本RFID芯片迎来了广阔的市场和迭代机遇。但在物流仓储等智能化管理应用中,受ISM频段(Industrial-Scientific-Medical Band)发射功率限制和复杂多变的检测环境影响,标签漏读情况时有发生。 本文针对超高频RFID检测系统的漏读问题和低成本RFID芯片的固有缺陷,通过理论研究、仿真分析和实际测试相结合的研究方法,在分析系统链路预算的基础上,提出基于随机变量的检测成效预测方法和异极化收发的载波干扰抑制策略,并在分析标签散射信号能量分布规律的基础上,提出并实现了基于空时分集的多天线检测方案,最后搭建标签静态和动态测试平台并进行实验验证。具体工作如下: (1)超高频RFID系统检测成效分析及预测方法研究 针对超高频RFID通信链路从损耗机理和电磁仿真两个方面开展检测成效分析。首先介绍了超高频RFID系统组成和链路预算,着重分析了同频收发检测系统的载波自干扰问题和多径效应所造成的检测盲点问题;然后根据无源超高频RFID标签的检测机理,提出了基于随机变量的检测成效预测方法,以此对比分析了收发合路与收发分离这两种阅读器架构的性能。分析结果表明,在多天线检测场景中采取收发分离式架构的RFID检测系统,具有更灵活的检测策略和更好的预期性能。 (2)基于国产低成本RFID芯片的双天线收发分离式系统设计 根据收发分离式阅读器架构特点,本文基于国产RFID芯片设计了一款最大发射功率30dBm的收发分离式阅读器模块和一款圆极化可重构收发天线,在此基础上采用异极化收发策略,搭建了双天线超高频RFID检测系统,在通道式检测场景中实现了 40 dB以上的载波干扰抑制;同时为检验低成本芯片的长期工作稳定性,本文使用C#语言设计了具备自动测试和数据采集功能的上位机软件。初步测试结果表明,所设计的双天线收发分离式系统具备正常的检测功能和较好的工作稳定性。 (3)超高频RFID多天线空时分集检测方案研究与分析 针对低成本RFID芯片接收灵敏度差的缺陷,本文通过仿真和实际测试分析了标签散射信号的能量分布规律,然后提出了空时分集的多天线检测方案,并据此设计出一款多路射频开关矩阵,最后面向实际应用场景,搭建无源标签的静态和动态测试平台以验证所提方案的有效性。测试结果表明,本文所提出的基于空时分集的多天线检测方案,对于采用低成本RFID芯片的阅读器系统,可以有效提高标签返回信号功率、弥补芯片固有缺陷,从而改善其检测性能。 总之,本文针对低成本RFID芯片输出功率低、接收灵敏度差等缺陷,面向超高频RFID的物流管理应用,提出了基于随机变量的检测成效预测方法和异极化收发的载波自干扰抑制方案,设计了收发分离式阅读器模块、圆极化可重构天线和多路射频开关矩阵,并搭建了基于空时分集的多天线检测系统,有效提升了低成本RFID系统的检测性能,为RFID国产化在物流管理等领域的应用提供有益参考。