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关键词： RFID   missing tag identification   tree splitting   collision reconciling  

摘要： Radio frequency identification technology has been widely used in various fields, including manufacturing, retail, and smart cities. This letter proposes an innovative protocol called collision reconciling-based $B$ -ary tree splitting missing tag identification (CTMTI) protocol for large-scale RFID systems. The proposed CTMTI protocol uses an optimal $B$ -ary tree splitting assignment, leveraging information from collisions. In addition, a three-bit collision reconciling strategy is developed to resolve collision elements. Further, a bit-tracking response strategy that allows multiple tags to respond with different binary strings within one slot is introduced. Both theoretical analysis and simulations unequivocally confirm that the proposed CTMTI protocol can enhance time efficiency, outperforming the state-of-the-art protocols by at least 200.7%.

关键词： RFID   Chipless   Moisture sensing   Flexible   Temperature sensing   Sensors   Microwave response   RCS  

摘要： This research presents the design and implementation of a chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) multi-sensor tag on a flexible laminate. Along with the tag's primary function of data encoding for object identification purposes, the tag also incorporates moisture and temperature sensing functionalities within a compact size measuring a mere 15 x 16 mm2. The tag structure comprises of a total 29 resonators, with each resonator corresponding to one bit in the microwave response. The initial design utilized the bendable Rogers RT/duroid (R) 5880 within a frequency band of 5.48-28.87 GHz. To conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis, the tag design is optimized for two distinct substrates including Kapton (R) HN and PET. The optimization process involves exploring the utilization of both silver nanoparticle-based ink and Aluminum as radiators. The sensing feature was incorporated by deploying a thin film of Kapton (R) HN over the longest slot of the tag which acts as a moisture sensor. Temperature sensing feature was achieved by combining Stanyl (R) polyamide, a temperature dependent polymer, with Rogers RT/ duroid (R) 5880 which served as a fused substrate. The tag showcases a high code density of 12.08 bits/cm2 enabling it to efficiently label 229 unique items. Its unique features include flexibility, miniaturized design, printability, cost-effectiveness and multi sensing property.

关键词： Circular economy   Material passport   Recycling   End-of-life concrete   RFID  

摘要： The construction industry urgently requires a resilient information system for effective coordination of data transmission among various stakeholders, including both the public and private sectors. Such an advanced digital solution would not only enhance transparency along the value chain but also improve both the quality of and confidence in recycled materials. Achieving circularity and reducing environmental impact are closely tied to the efficient management of material flows and life cycles. Within this context, Material Passports (MPs) are posited as a foundational element, particularly when integrated with a digital database. This integration is particularly beneficial for increasing the circularity of concrete, beginning with end-of-life concrete, a major contributor to global construction and demolition waste. MPs effectively transmit crucial information about the quality of recycled aggregates, thereby enabling their use in future construction projects. This study explores the feasibility of employing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology as an MP, aiming to enhance sustainability in the concrete industry by improving transparency, traceability, and data reliability in the recycled concrete supply chain. Extensive laboratory tests carried out in three distinct experimental phases revealed that RFID tags exhibit remarkable resilience to mechanical stress typical in the supply chain and consistently maintain readability when embedded in concrete. The water content in concrete samples was identified as a significant factor influencing initial tag readability, although readability improved over time. Other factors, such as the type of aggregates, particle size distribution, and proximity to steel rebar, had minimal to modest impacts on tag performance. Additionally, the study confirmed that the readability of RFID tags remains robust at typical transport speeds, which highlights the potential of an RFID-based system in advancing supply chain manageme

关键词： Training room   Internet of Things   Radio frequency identification   Query Tree  

摘要： With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and intelligent technology, the application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in training room management is becoming increasingly widespread. An efficient and accurate RFID system can significantly improve the management efficiency and resource utilization of the training room, thereby improving teaching quality and reducing management costs. Although RFID technology has many advantages, there are still some problems in practical applications, such as label collision and recognition of unknown labels. These issues not only affect the performance of the system but may also cause interference with actual teaching and management. This study proposes a grouping-based bit arbitration query tree algorithm and anti-collision technology to solve label collisions and reduce label recognition time in the technology. A new unknown label recognition algorithm is also proposed to improve the recognition efficiency and accuracy of identifying new unknown labels. Related experiments have shown that the recognition accuracy of the algorithm designed this time is 95.86%. Compared with other algorithms, the number of idle time slots is the smallest. When the number of queries is 1000, the algorithm has 1842 queries, and the communication complexity is the best. When the number of unknown tags is 10,000, the actual accuracy rate is 95.642%. Compared with traditional recognition algorithms, the new unknown label recognition algorithm has a smaller frame length in the same label proportion and good recognition performance. On a theoretical level, the research content on RFID technology helps to improve and develop the basic theories of the Internet of Things and intelligent recognition technology and provides solutions and application technologies for equipment management and IoT applications in training rooms. On a practical level, the research results can provide specific guidance for the management of training ro

关键词： Antenna impedance   battery-free device   radio frequency identification (RFID) tag array   received signal strength (RSS)   touch input interaction  

摘要： With the explosive increase in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, there is a rising demand for seamless and intuitive interactions between users and smart devices. Existing solutions require either dedicated sensors with microcontroller and battery power or modification of the hardware. This article presents RF-Keypad to realize a battery-free and wireless touch input interaction solution via commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. RF-Keypad can easily turn an ordinary rigid object into an interaction touch keypad by deploying a tag array on the surface of the object. RF-Keypad extracts the received signal strength (RSS) variation feature of the touch action and builds an RSS-based model to detect the touch events, which is robust to the tag position and orientation. To acquire better performance, best touch area that poses distinct RSS variation feature is studied and optimal placement of the tag array is also investigated to eliminate mutual coupling effect between adjacent tags. Two touch detection algorithms based on RSS variance (RV) and the variance of the RSS variance (VoRV) are proposed, respectively, where the RV-based algorithm suits the scenario of fixed antenna-tag distance and the VoRV-based algorithm is designed for the scenario of variable antenna-tag distance. We implement a prototype of RF-Keypad with commodity RFID devices. Extensive experiments show that RF-Keypad achieves a touch detection accuracy of higher than 96% under fixed antenna-tag scenario and higher than 91% under variable antenna-tag distance scenario. An intelligent door access application is developed to highlight the practicality and scalability of our solution.

关键词： Chipless radio-frequency identification   European Article Number (EAN)/global trade item number (GTIN) encoding   electromagnetic scatterer   GS1 standard   Internet of Things (IoT)   microstrip line resonator   optical barcode   optical recognition   planar resonator   QR code   quality factor  

摘要： In this article, we investigate a class of novel platform-tolerant chipless RFID tags composed of an array of variable-length notched microstrip line resonators backed by a metallic backscatterer. A 60 x 80 mm(2) proof-of-concept tag is presented using sub-band frequency shift coding (SB-FSC) with N = 13 elements, each representing M = 10 digits (0-9) demonstrating an European Article Number (EAN)/ global trade item number (GTIN)-13 encoding providing a total of Nx log(2) M= 43 bits/tag. A pair of microstrip resonators serves as a frequency reference. The tag operates in the frequency range from 1.4 to 4.2 GHz with an encoding density 36.7 bits/ lambda(2) /GHz at the center frequency. The concept thus demonstrates the integration of chipless RFID technology and GS1 standards in an Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm.

摘要： The developing urbanization joined by progressively clogged metropolitan spaces and metropolitan automobiles tremendously developed its number, has brought about requirement for defended pull up spots of schools, malls organizations etc. With advanced technologies and low-cost smart devices to in line with the smart cities mission to improve the economic growth as well as to improve the quality of people life in this paper, we made an attempt to utilize the technology in an innovative way for secure smart parking without human intervention. The proposed framework includes gadgets such as RFID readers and labels, servo motor as an entryway, PCs, operating system which is programmed code and light-emitting diodes. Therefore, the framework is utilized to take the working boundaries and sparkling Light-Emitting Diodes in hand grip for various purposes. This proposed design is compatible with any kind of environment. The proposed system enables only the authorized member to access the parking spaces. The proposed system also includes NodeMCU which is an open source IOT platform which plays important role in transferring data. When the vehicle is read by the RFID scanner, the NodeMCU sends the information about slot vacancy and a slot will be allotted to the user by the Arduino micro-controller and that will be displayed on the LCD Screen. This framework can forestall burglary of the vehicle in the school. Individuals from the Members of the system including students can have a sense of safety for their vehicles. Automated entry, exit management system for registered vehicle users will also enables safety of individual user’s vehicle.

摘要： This Multi-limit patient screen gets the physiological basic signs ceaselessly screens the patient by utilizing RFID tag of the individual. This frameworks and Internet of Things (IOT) in clinical thought. In this paper, we have arranged an IOT based framework where four cutoffs to be unequivocal heartbeat, temperature, wetness, and ECG are seen utilizing relating sensors. The undertaking seeing flourishing by utilizing RFID names for the specific individual information can be store on IOT. Standard clinical security information is at true danger of divulgence, and many related cases have happened all through the critical length. Individual clinical security information can be reasonably leaked to insurance working conditions, which bargain the privacy of people, yet similarly thwarts the sound improvement of the medical industry. In This paper to address clinical affirmation we utilized the RFID progress, proprietor necessities to login to the arrangement and proprietor will bring with or without set data from things talk where suitably all data moved by the stuff and make one record and store it into cloud. Since information proprietor can share to another client. Client needs to pick and login to the arrangement then they can download data which straightforwardly sent by proprietor.

摘要： Vending machines are essential since many people depend on them to obtain products quickly. This paper aims to develop an innovative smart vending machine that uses Internet of Things(IoT) to dispense products in a cashless, more secure way and in less time compared to Radio frequency identification(RFID) based vending machines. Materials and Methods: This paper presents an innovative smart vending machine design and implementation with IoT and the NodeMCU module. The design allows accessing the required products via the mobile application. A total of 200 samples are used to verify the performance of the IoT based vending machine. In the vending machine, the products are assembled as per the size and shape for proper dispensing of items. Results: The IoT-based vending machine has an average mean time of 17.5 seconds for dispensing a product and has an accuracy of 90%, whereas RFID-based vending machine has an average mean time of 22.2 seconds for dispensing a product and has an accuracy of 75%. Conclusion: In this paper,it is found that the IoT-based smart vending machine outperforms the RFID-based vending machine.

关键词： Internet of things  

摘要： The Internet of Things (IoT) is a distributed system of physical objects that requires the seamless integration of hardware (e.g., sensors, actuators, electronics) and network communications in order to collect and exchange data. IoT smart objects need to be somehow identified to determine the origin of the data and to automatically detect the elements around us. One of the best positioned technologies to perform identification is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which in the last years has gained a lot of popularity in applications like access control, payment cards or logistics. Despite its popularity, RFID security has not been properly handled in numerous applications. To foster security in such applications, this article includes three main contributions. First, in order to establish the basics, a detailed review of the most common flaws found in RFID-based IoT systems is provided, including the latest attacks described in the literature. Second, a novel methodology that eases the detection and mitigation of such flaws is presented. Third, the latest RFID security tools are analyzed and the methodology proposed is applied through one of them (Proxmark 3) to validate it. Thus, the methodology is tested in different scenarios where tags are commonly used for identification. In such systems it was possible to clone transponders, extract information, and even emulate both tags and readers. Therefore, it is shown that the methodology proposed is useful for auditing security and reverse engineering RFID communications in IoT applications. It must be noted that, although this paper is aimed at fostering RFID communications security in IoT applications, the methodology can be applied to any RFID communications protocol. © 2024, CC BY.