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关键词： Data carriers   Real-time monitoring   NFC   RFID   Smart packaging   Tracking technologies   QR codes  

摘要： Smart packaging represents a cutting-edge approach, incorporating various data carriers such as RFID (Radio-frequency identification), NFC (Near Field Communication), QR (Quick Response) codes, barcodes, Data Matrix codes, and Bluetooth beacons to enhance packaging functionality and interactivity. These data carriers facilitate real-time tracking, monitoring, and communication between products and stakeholders across the logistics and supply chain. Smart packaging ensures product authenticity, extends shelf life, and improves consumer engagement by integrating smart sensors and wireless communication technologies. This review examines the types of data carriers used in smart packaging, highlighting their applications, benefits, challenges, and emerging trends shaping intelligent packaging systems' future. The integration of these technologies improves logistics and inventory management, enhances consumer safety, and promotes sustainability efforts.

关键词： RFID System   Handwriting Recognition   User Identification   Position Independent  

摘要： Handwriting recognition systems have greatly enhanced AIoT applications, especially in human-computer interaction. Wireless-based methods, favored for their non-invasive nature and ease of deployment, are becoming more common. However, existing works, which typically depend on the user's position, often perform poorly in varied writing positions. Additionally, they do not incorporate user identity information, which could lead to security vulnerabilities by failing to reject unauthorized users. To address these issues, this article introduces RF-Eye, a system that enables contactless, position-independent handwriting recognition and user identification without prior training. Its innovative approach uses each Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag as a unique viewpoint for observing hand movements and employs pairs of tags to track directional changes. Specifically, building upon the signal transmission model and the Fresnel Zone, we propose a novel feature, DCG, to capture changes in gesture direction and confirm its consistency across different positions. Based on DCG, we develop unique patterns for common handwriting symbols that enhance our recognition algorithm. Moreover, to strengthen the system security, we link these patterns with distinct handwriting styles through the extraction of finer-grained features, thus, preventing the misuse of the system by unauthorized users. Extensive experiments demonstrate RF-Eye's efficacy, which achieves recognition accuracies of 93.5%, 95.2%, and 95.8% for 26 lowercase letters, 10 digits, and 10 graphic symbols, respectively, and identifying unauthorized users with 98.6% accuracy.

关键词： angle sensor   flexible sensor   multi-parameter characterization   quadratic regression fitting (QRF)   RFID  

摘要： This paper presents a flexible radio frequency (RF) sensor for measuring rotational angle. The sensor consists of a nested rectangular spiral inductor and two rectangular capacitors to form a radio frequency identification tag, which utilizes inductive coupling with an antenna for data transmission. The sensor has a wide dynamic detection range, accurately measuring rotation angles from 0 degrees to 180 degrees. Specifically, within the range of 0 degrees-30 degrees, the sensor exhibits exceptionally high sensitivity with 4.95 MHz/degrees and 0.093 dB/degrees. In the range of 90 degrees-180 degrees, frequency overlap occurs, so we take full advantage of the multi-parameter characterization of RF devices and jointly characterize the angle using the resonant frequency and return loss. The results were then subjected to quadratic regression fitting, which showed a high degree of agreement with the test results. Experiments have validated the sensor's performance, showing good reusability and a fast response speed. Compared to traditional passive angle sensors, this sensor combines RF sensing technology with flexible materials. The designed flexible wireless angle sensor is recommended for human joint measurement.

关键词： healthcare   barcode   RFID   UWB   medical equipment tracking  

摘要： This study evaluates the literature on the application of barcodes, radio frequency identification (RFID) and ultra-wideband (UWB) for asset tracking in healthcare. These existing tracking technologies in healthcare are reviewed and compared in terms of suitability for asset tracking. The paper provides an overview of the system structure for each technology and their application in various areas within healthcare. Attributes such as working principle, read range and read rate are also compared. Barcode technology exhibits the highest performance for single-tracking medical equipment, while RFID and UWB systems are more effective for real-time equipment tracking. However, these technologies have drawbacks including dependency on power for UWB, line-of-sight operation requirement for barcode technology and less precision in equipment tracking with RFID compared with UWB. Ultimately, the choice of tracking technologies depends strongly on specific organizational goals.

关键词： Ultra wideband antennas   Antenna measurements   Resonators   Chipless RFID   Codes   Frequency measurement   Encoding   Semiconductor device measurement   Transmitting antennas   Receiving antennas   Sensor packaging   chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID)   coding capability   compact   dual-band-notch ultrawideband (UWB) antenna   dual-mode resonator  

摘要： This letter presents a chipless radio frequency identification tag with increased coding capability by using a dual-mode loop resonator (closed- and open-loop resonator) and dual band-notch ultrawideband (UWB) antennas. 3N codes can be obtained by coupling N resonators of this kind with the microstrip. By introducing the two band notches on the UWB antenna, two more code bits can be performed without increasing the size of the tag. Band notches on the antennas are designed at a lower frequency for high space efficiency. For verification, tag prototypes are fabricated and measured. The measured results show that 6 bits can be achieved within the band range of 4.0 GHz-5.9 GHz.

关键词： Resonant frequency   Codes   Encoding   Resonance   Resonators   Frequency shift keying   Chipless RFID   Spectral efficiency   Shape   Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID)   high code density   nested loop design   radar cross section (RCS)   robustness   robustness  

摘要： This letter presents a new methodology for designing chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags with high code density and robustness and validates its effectiveness. The method includes four main steps: designing a resonant unit without a second harmonic, constructing the entire tag structure using a nested loop strategy, adjusting the distribution of resonance points to achieve uniform spacing, and further optimizing the tag performance. Using this method, we designed a chipless tag with a code density of up to 180.45 bits/lambda(2)(0) and a working frequency range of 7.9 GHz to 13.6 GHz. Experimental results demonstrate that the designed tag has a coefficient of variation of the resonance frequency point interval of 12.97% and a small variation in the resonance peak amplitude of 4.36 dB. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in achieving high code density and robustness in chipless RFID tags.

关键词： Protocols   Blockchains   Security   Authentication   Supply chains   RFID tags   Impersonation attacks   Resists   Cloning   Privacy   authentication protocol   mutual authentication   supply chain management system  

摘要： In the dynamic domain of supply chain management, integrating Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology with blockchain technology represents a significant leap forward. This integration has created a blockchain-assisted RFID-enabled Supply Chain Management System (SCMS). With its ability to utilize electromagnetic fields to identify and track tags attached to objects, RFID technology has revolutionized product management and tracking within supply chains. SCMS transmits tracking and product management information through public communication channels. However, SCMS's communication on these channels is vulnerable to various security attacks and privacy challenges. Numerous authentication protocols have recently been proposed to tackle these security and privacy challenges. Unfortunately, most protocols are susceptible to different security attacks, such as tag or reader impersonation, denial of service, physical cloning, desynchronization attacks, etc. Therefore, we have proposed an authentication protocol for an RFID-enabled SCMS that also leverages blockchain technology. The integration of blockchain technology ensures data integrity, immutability and transparency across each department involved in SCMS. In the proposed protocol, we also employ a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) to secure SCMS against physical cloning attacks. We validate the security of the proposed protocol through both informal and formal analysis. The informal analysis confirms that our protocol significantly enhances security and efficiency. Moreover, a performance analysis of the proposed protocol against various competing existing protocols shows its superior performance. Notably, the proposed protocol substantially reduces computational and communication costs by 24.38% and 8.03%, respectively, which underscores its enhanced performance and resource efficiency.

关键词： access control   canteen management   data analytics   identity verification   resource management   RFID technology  

摘要： This paper presents a novel RFID-based smart card system aimed at optimizing operational efficiency across various applications, including canteen management, identity verification, access control, and resource management. The proposed design uses RFID-enabled smart cards, in combination with a Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller, LCD display, keypad, and GSM communication module, to create a robust, automated solution for seamless user identification, cashless transactions, and real-time data management. by integrating RFID technology, this system facilitates faster, error-free transactions and provides real-time updates on inventory and attendance, enhancing transparency and decision-making. Here, it has presented the user input containing a specific amount, which serves as the initial part of the system. As the user proceeds through the system management using a unique RFID number and password, the amount is deducted accordingly. This process ensures secure identity verification and controlled access. The study reveals an inverse correlation between manual accuracy and system efficiency, with accuracy efficiency improving from 0.05 to 0.45 as manual dependency decreases from 85% to 50%. Security efficiency also increases from 0.05 to 0.55 as the manual security index drops from 75 to 40. While RFID enhances accuracy and security, higher costs reduce total efficiency. Prolonged RFID processing lowers time efficiency from 0.9 at 10 s to 0.05 at 80 s. Resource efficiency declines from 0.55 at a usage level of 500 to 0.05 at 850. These findings emphasize the need for cost-effective RFID deployment to balance efficiency, security, and resource utilization. Additionally, data analytics from the system offer valuable insights into usage patterns, enabling informed resource allocation and improved operational strategies. While the system holds significant potential for improving efficiency and user experience, considerations such as setup costs and data security are crucia

关键词： 石油化工   危险废物   贮存风险   智能管控平台   RFID  

摘要： 近些年来,我国工业生产体系愈发完善,广大化工企业发展规模不断壮大,产品生产制造能力和水平也在不断提高,为我国社会经济建设作出了巨大的支持和贡献。结合以往化工企业危险废物安全事故发生案例能够发现,造成事故的主要因素为企业重视度不足、危险废物管理制度不够规范等等。为此,广大化工企业可通过构建风险量化评估机制、打造危险废物安全存储制度、运用电子标签并搭建危险废物的智能化管理平台等方法进行优化。

关键词： RFID 计量技术   实木家具   智能制造   生产管控   数据追踪  

摘要： 针对实木家具生产过程中数据采集滞后、工件流转管理低效及生产调度优化不足的问题,本研究基于RFID技术构建了一种智能化生产实时管控系统。系统采用嵌入式RFID标签技术,实现工件的精准追踪与数据采集,并结合悬挂轨道配送系统优化工件流转,提高生产自动化程度。通过实验验证,该系统在生产效率、设备利用率、质量控制等方面均优于传统管理模式,单位时间订单完成率提高50%,设备稼动率提升30%,订单错误率降低62%,物料损耗率减少50%。研究表明,该系统能够有效提升实木家具生产管理水平,实现数据可视化与生产流程优化,为智能制造在家具行业的应用提供了技术支撑。未来研究将进一步优化RFID计量技术的稳定性,并结合AI与大数据分析技术,提升生产异常检测能力和工序优化精度,推动家具制造行业的智能化发展。