关键词：
Computer science
摘要：
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) amounts for 10% of the world energy which will keep on growing in the future and 3% of the overall carbon footprint which is now more than the level of CO2 emission as that of the aviation industry. For many past years, the focus was on hardware to optimize the energy consumption of ICT systems. This includes dynamic adaptation of hardware techniques such as fine-grain clock gating, power gating, and dynamic voltage/frequency scaling. However, recent demands of exascale computation, as well as the increasing carbon footprint, require new breakthroughs to make ICT systems more energy-efficient. This is not possible by only making the hardware energy-efficient. As a result, the focus is shifting on software now. Software is one of the most critical bottlenecks while trying to optimize the energy consumption of any ICT system. Software energy consumption can be optimized in several ways like choosing the energy-efficient option in a programming language, using an energy-efficient programming language or choosing an energy-efficient compiling option. In this work, we concentrate on the energy-efficient options and command-line options to optimize software energy consumption. Today’s programming languages provide software developers with several options to perform the same task. For example, in Java, an Array can be copied to other Array either manually or using Java methods. However, not every option available is energy-efficient and the software developers lack the knowledge to choose the best energy-efficient option. We perform various analyses to decide on choosing the best option for different components of Java programming language. These components include data types, operators, control statements, String, exceptions, objects, and Arrays. Java has different command-line options that can be used to tune the JVM. These options can significantly affect the energy behavior of Java applications. We conduct a comprehensi
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