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关键词： 化工工艺设计   安全管理   危险性识别   对策  

摘要： 在社会发展的过程中,化工领域的作用与价值越发显著。当然这里要强调的是,并非是发展快就代表发展没有问题。化学实验如若忽视规范性操作就很有可能引发各种危险事故。化工行业本身危险度很高,设计化工的时候需要考虑这一问题。安全性是社会大众广泛关注的话题,为减少与控制化学行业安全事故就需要提前制定好防范对策与管理措施,保障安全性。该文将以化工设计安全管理防范工作为对象,分析危险因素识别方法与应对策略,希望为我国化工行业的进步提供助力。

关键词： 化工行业   生产工艺   环保问题  

摘要： 此文简单介绍了化工工艺设计流程的重要因素,详细分析了化工工艺设计中具有的问题,并提出了相应的处理措施,还研究了未来化工工艺设计的方向。

关键词： 石油化工   蒸汽管道   配管设计  

摘要： 石油化工工程中,蒸汽管道配管设计尤为关键,其设计水平影响着生产安全,关系到企业的经济效益。因此,设计人员必须全面了解和掌握石油化工工艺装置蒸汽管道配管设计的要点。

关键词： management   treatment   rheumatic immune-related adverse events (irAEs)   cancer immunotherapy   immune checkpoint inhibitors  

摘要： Since immune checkpoint inhibitors became the standard of care for an increasing number of indications, more patients have been exposed to these drugs and physicians are more challenged with the management of a unique spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Those irAEs of autoimmune or autoinflammatory origin, or both, can involve any organ or tissue, but most commonly affect the dermatological, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems. Rheumatic/systemic irAEs seem to be less frequent (although underreporting in clinical trials is probable), but information on their management is highly relevant given that they can persist longer than other irAEs. Their management consists of anti-inflammatory treatment including glucocorticoids, synthetic and biologic immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive drugs, symptomatic therapies as well as holding or, rarely, discontinuation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we summarize the management of rheumatic/systemic irAEs based on data from clinical trials but mainly from published case reports and series, contextualize them and propose perspectives for their treatment.

关键词： Upper-Division Undergraduate   Analytical Chemistry   Inorganic Chemistry   Polymer Chemistry   Laboratory Instruction   Analogies/Transfer   Applications of Chemistry   Catalysis   Green Chemistry   Industrial Chemistry   Sustainability   Systems Thinking  

摘要： As global resources are pressed by the demands of modern lifestyles, acquainting students with sustainable chemistry will be crucial in educating responsible chemists of the future. For this undertaking, we present "Redox Aluminophosphates", a laboratory-based practical with targeted resources that has been designed to relate fundamental catalytic theory to core concepts in green chemistry. As part of this assignment, students are directed in the preparation of aluminophosphate materials using distinctive synthetic protocols (hydrothermal synthesis and calcination), and are required to apply their knowledge of analytical techniques to solid-state characterization. Students then use their heterogeneous redox catalysts in the oxidation of cyclohexane to KA oil (the industrial feedstock of adipic acid, a precursor to nylons), with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses providing an opportunity to introduce green chemistry metrics. With supporting resources, oral presentation, and student-led discussions, this practical aims to equip the undergraduate student with the tools needed to rationalize structure-activity relationships in porous heterogeneous catalysts. Using a systems thinking approach, Redox Aluminophosphates is a holistic practical, combining empiricism with critical analysis, self-study, and group work to relate undergraduate theory to real-world problems, while demonstrating how laboratory-scale procedures can be extrapolated to the industrial setting.

关键词： Life cycle  

摘要： This paper presents a review of research works where the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology has been applied to assess environmental impacts of chemical processes. To accomplish this goal, a total of 46 papers, published in English-speaking peer reviewed journals from 2015 to 2019, were reviewed. These papers have been analyzed in terms of the most important decisions taken in LCA studies. These decisions include the goal of the LCA study, the applied system boundary, the functional unit used, the type of process considered, the database and software utilized, the impact categories considered, the LCIA method chosen and the type of analyses conducted to interpret the results. Most of the reviewed papers (73.9%) are comparative LCA studies considering a cradle-to-gate system boundary and a functional unit related with the mass of an input or output of the system under study. Petrochemical production processes are the focus of the majority (58.7%) of the LCA studies. SimaPro and Ecoinvent are the most used LCA software and database, respectively. Environmental impacts were mostly assessed using ReCiPe and global warming is the most analyzed impact category. Most reviewed papers (82.6%) focus on identifying the hotspots of the studied system, while including sensitivity and scenario analyses. This review shows that, although significant work has been done in recent years in life cycle assessment application to assess the environmental impacts of chemical processes, there is still work to be done where the selection of more impact categories and the inclusion of uncertainty analysis are promptly crucial lines of research.

关键词： CO2 emission   EACI model   Bottom-up accounting method   Chemical industry  

摘要： The chemical industry is one of the most important industry sectors in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China. However, few studies have undertaken accounting of the CO2 emissions in the chemical industry. In addition, there are some shortcomings in the traditional accounting method as a result of poor data availability, such as the incomplete consideration of emission sources and overestimation of actual emissions. Based on the traditional accounting method and the actual situation of the chemical industry, this study proposes a method called the Emission Accounting Model in the Chemical Industry, which covers fossil energy-related emission, indirect emission generated by electricity and heat, carbonate-related process emission and the reuse of CO2. In particular, fossil energy used as feedstock is included. By applying the Emission Accounting Model in the Chemical Industry in China, the calculated CO2 emissions would be 19-30% less than the result from the traditional method. In addition, it is found that the indirect CO2 emissions generated by electricity and heat account for 67% of the total amount, the fossil energy-related emissions account for approximately 37%, the process-related emissions accounted for 2%, and reuse of CO2 accounts for - 6% in 2016. The production of ammonia, ethylene and calcium carbide generated approximately half of the total CO2 emissions in 2016. In addition, in view of emission sources and carbon source flow, two other bottom-up accounting methods are proposed that can take effect when the chemical plant-level data are available.

关键词： chemical industrial park   reserve strategies   modular emergency resources   risky concentration area   risk perception  

摘要： A chemical industrial park (CIP) is a concentrated area of firms that are engaged in the manufacture of a large variety of chemicals. The occurrence of accidents in CIPs in China has significantly increased in recent years, thereby posing tremendous threats to people, property, and ecosystems. This study aims to establish a model for reducing disaster risk by balancing the budget for the emergency reserve strategy and the fluke psychology of managers. The research uses the probabilistic approach and the stochastic programming model to address disaster uncertainty. A scenario-based stochastic model for optimum modular emergency resources is established, which simultaneously seeks to maximize the satisfaction degree and minimize the penalty costs when managerial risk perception is considered. In addition, the simulation study proves that the model has practical and theoretical contributions for reserve strategies and managerial risk perception for a risky concentration area. (c) 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2019

关键词： 节能降耗   化工工艺   应用  

摘要： 在现阶段由于社会发展速度的加快以及人们对于化工产品需求量的增加,化工行业发展迅速,每年都会生产大量的化工产品,但是在当下化工生产中普遍存在着能耗较高、资源浪费比较严重的问题。虽然在化工生产中,无法实现对相关原材料的全面利用,但是也应该重视对现有化工工艺的改进和优化,积极应用节能降耗技术来对现有化工生产过程进行改进和升级,降低化工生产中的能耗,提高对资源的利用率。基于此,文章就对当下化工生产中所常用的节能降耗技术措施进行了研究和分析,并提出了相关建议和看法,以供借鉴。