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关键词： Intentional controlled islanding   Microgrid   Smart power system   Active distribution network   Blackout prevention   Cascade failures   Emergency control actions  

摘要： Blackouts or cascade failures are costly events which may threaten the integrity of electrical energy systems. The Intentional Controlled Islanding (ICI) is the last measure to reduce the undesirable technical, economic and social consequences of a blackout. In case of an emergency, the ICI of Distributed Generation (DG) units is a solution to preserve reliable power supply in a smart distribution grid. In this paper, three important aspects of ICI problem, namely the proper time of ICI (When), its optimal boundary (Where), and its execution method (How) are comprehensively reviewed. After reviewing the basic algorithms and procedures, to find the best (optimal) time, boundary and execution details, the different methods of the mentioned aspects are summarized and discussed. Finally, a discussion about current challenges and future trends of ICI in smart power systems (in distribution and transmission levels) are provided and moreover, a generalized framework for implementation of ICI in Active Distribution Networks (ADNs) and smart microgrids are presented.

关键词： Positron emission tomography   PET   Immune checkpoint inhibitors   ICIs   Malignant tumor  

摘要： Purpose This study aimed at investigating the value of applying positron emission tomography (PET) to early predict the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in malignant tumors. Methods Electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant trials. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The results were analyzed utilizing SPSS 19.0 statistical software. Subgroup analyses were implemented based on primary tumors, study designs, continents, type of ICIs, evaluation index of PET, and evaluated PET timing. Results Fifteen studies incorporating 664 individuals were eligible. Compared with PET nonresponse group, PET response group displayed a significantly prolonged PFS (HR 0.27, 95% CI [0.16, 0.44];P < 0.001) and OS (HR 0.56, 95% CI [0.48, 0.65];P < 0.001). Analogical outcomes were obtained in subgroup analyses of PFS in non-small cell lung cancer, prospective, America, ipilimumab, nivolumab/pembrolizumab combined ipilimumab, PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST), baseline PET and early PET timing arms without heterogeneity;so did OS in melanoma, retrospective, Europe, America, ipilimumab, nivolumab/pembrolizumab, PERCIST, baseline metabolic tissue volume, baseline standard uptake value, and baseline total lesion glycolysis, baseline PET timing, early PET timing and late PET timing arms. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that PET was a promising approach to early predict the prognosis of ICIs for malignancies.

关键词： 化工工艺   危险识别   控制  

摘要： 现如今,化工生产工艺的革新,给化工产业的发展注入了足够的动力。由于我国化工生产工艺落后等因素造成的影响,我国化工行业在进展中面临的安全、成本、环保等问题也越来越严重。因此,为了保证化工行业的长期可持续发展,相关部门务必加强化工工艺设计研究的力度,充分发挥科学、精密化工工艺的优点,从而推动整个化工行业的稳步发展,有效的发挥出化工行业在整个社会经济进程中起到的积极作用。

关键词： 化工工艺   安全设计   危险识别   工艺要求  

摘要： 在化工工艺设计和化工生产的过程中,不仅需要让化工生产满足需求者的各项要求,而且要将化工工艺中的各项安全危险识别和控制内容涵盖进去,此外,工作人员还要在生产设计过程中严格遵守相应的法律法规,保障生产流程的规范化。鉴于此,本文对化工工艺安全设计中的危险识别与控制进行分析,以供参考。

关键词： 化工工艺   节能降耗   技术  

摘要： 现如今,我国已经进入经济飞速发展的时代,在这种背景下,为化工企业带来了更多的机遇与挑战,市场竞争也变得更加激烈。在这种情况下,如何提高能源的利用效率、减少成本支出成为了企业领导人员所要研究的内容。为了解决这一问题,不少化工企业都在对各自生产工艺进行创新,对能源的消耗进行了控制。与此同时,伴随着我国科技力量的强大,节能降耗技术得到了较为广泛的应用,尤其是在化工企业生产过程中,彰显出了更大的优势。大量实践研究表明,将节能降耗技术应用于化工工艺当中,可实现对工艺参数分析方法的优化作用,在循环利用的方式下,大大提高了能源的利用效率,同时还能为企业的生产提供源源不断的动力,有利于化工企业更好的发展。

关键词： 化工工艺   节能降耗   方法  

摘要： 随着人们对环境和资源问题的日益关注,人们越来越重视生产和生活中的节能问题。大量的能源消耗将涉及化工过程的生产过程,也会严重破坏生态环境,对生活环境产生负面影响,因此,必须充分发挥其最大的应用价值,从而减少能源消耗,提高企业的经济效益。

关键词： 化工工艺   设备安装   设计  

摘要： 化工设备是指化工单位生产过程中用到的硬件设备,其安装设计直接关乎化工单位生产的安全性。从某种程度上说,化工工艺中的设备安装设计可以直接影响化工企业的成败,其设计水平可以直接体现企业核心竞争力与创造力。本文着重对化工工艺中的设备安装设计内容与化工工艺设备安装设计优化对策作一分析阐述,期望可以为相关的化工企业和从业人员提供建设性意见。