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关键词： 宏观经济学   金融支柱   金融危机  

摘要： 自20世纪以来,金融危机爆发频率之快、破坏范围之广泛,引起了全世界范围内的关注。金融危机会呈现一定的阶段性,在某一段时间内就会爆发,这是资本主义世界所固有的规律。由于金融危机具有强大的破坏性,所以在对经济学进行研究分析时,需要进一步重视金融支柱的重建。通过对宏观经济学理论进行研究,发现金融支柱能够对经济发展起到一定的导向作用。金融支柱是一个相对抽象的概念,但是在金融领域内却是实现金融变革的一个重要方式。本文通过研究宏观经济学中金融支柱的概念,以分析金融对世界经济所带来的影响及变革。

关键词： 宏观经济学   线上线下混合式“金课”   MOOC+SPOC  

摘要： 以MOOC+SPOC为主的线上线下混合教学模式正逐渐成为数字经济时代教学技术改革的趋势。本文系统梳理了打造宏观经济学线上线下混合式"金课"的理念和实施路径,提出宏观经济学"金课"应当具备改造为具有"知识、思维、能力"三位一体的教学目标,"广度为基础、深度有拓展"的课程内容,"无中心、分享化、主动性"的教学手段和"过程化考核"的考核方式等立体化教学体系,并通过实施证明和问卷反馈发现SPOC课程体系改造使得学习效果得到明显提升。

关键词： 民办应用型本科院校   宏观经济学   教学改革  

摘要： 本文以郑州升达经贸管理学院为例,针对该校宏观经济学教学中存在的问题,有针对性的提出了一些教学改革对策,以期改善该校乃至同类高校宏观经济学教学状况。

关键词： Economics   Labor economics  

摘要： My dissertation consists of three chapters studying macroeconomic dynamics with search frictions and imperfect information. In the first chapter, I show that unemployed job seekers devote less efforts in the case of high perceived uncertainty and large wealth empirically and analytically. Based on those findings, I build the life-cycle incomplete market model with imperfect information to explain the hump-shaped job search profile quantitatively. The fully characterized model fits well not only the hump-shaped job search profile but also interesting features of the labor market. In the second chapter, I study the effects of consumers’ shopping effort behavior on aggregate business cycle dynamics. Using micro-level data, I find that shopping effort of consumers is procyclical, and the procyclicality is more pronounced for unemployed individuals than employed ones. To explain these empirical facts and study the effects of them on the dynamics of aggregate variables, I build a model of endogenous price hunting in decentralized labor and product markets. The model predicts 1) prices are rigid as consumers search more in recession 2) the rigid prices induce less volatile business cycle fluctuations and 3) wage rigidity is positively related to price rigidity. I also provide empirical evidence for these effects using the time use survey and the scanner data. In the third chapter, we study a model of endogenous uncertainty to investigate the dynamics of the fiscal multiplier while the level of uncertainty responds to the real activity in the economy. Facing higher uncertainty, firms invest less due to wait-and-see behavior and can obtain less accurate information through social learning. Under this environment, the fiscal multiplier becomes larger in recessions as fiscal policies can mitigate drops in private investments and resulting hikes in uncertainty. We also provide empirical evidence to support our theory.

关键词： 宏观经济学   微观基础   分析模式  

摘要： 就传统意义上来看,宏观经济理论常常缺乏微观基础,然而新古典革命和新凯恩斯革命都在尝试结合较为稳定的微观基础对宏观经济进行分析与研究。宏观经济一度被认为是在约束条件限制的背景中,经济学主体依照对宏观经济走向趋势进行分析,继而实现宏观经济学研究走向的最优化。本文将物理学经济学作为研究的背景,分别研究宏观经济学的微观基础,对预期机制等模式中存在的问题进行研究与分析。然而在宏观经济学的发展中,其存在的一个严重的缺陷是缺乏微观经济基础。本文就宏观经济学中常见的微观基础性的若干问题进行研究和分析。

关键词： Financial Frictions   Financial Shocks   Firm Heterogeneity   Information Externality   Liability Dollarization   Sudden Stops  

摘要： This dissertation consists of two chapters on macroeconomics with financial frictions. The first chapter studies the role of firm heterogeneity in the transmission of financial shocks to the real economy. Evidence from the recent European debt crisis shows that firms responded differently to the severe credit tightening that occurred during this period, where smaller ones adjusted their balance sheets more aggressively and performed better in economies with a more skewed firm size distribution. A model of heterogeneous firms, that face financial frictions (defaultable debt and costly equity issuance), a financial intermediation sector, and a sovereign, is proposed to explain these facts. Financial frictions are key because they generate financing structures that depend on firm size, where small firms rely more on equity than debt, which is relatively more costly. Sufficiently large increases in public debt trigger a binding lending constraint for the intermediaries that cause a crowding out of private lending and leads smaller firms to adjust more than large firms. Quantitative results show that firm heterogeneity has aggregate effects and that the model, calibrated to match Spanish firm-level data, is consistent with the empirical facts during the crisis. The second chapter studies the positive and normative implications of "liability dollarization", the intermediation of capital inflows in units of tradables into domestic loans in units of aggregate consumption, on Sudden Stops models. Liability dollarization adds three important effects driven by real-exchange-rate fluctuations that alter standard models of Sudden Stops significantly: Changes on the debt repayment burden, on the price of new debt, and on a risk-taking incentive. The optimal policy under commitment is time-inconsistent, follows a complex non-linear structure, and shows that when domestic credit or capital inflows taxes are present, capital controls are not justified. Quantitatively, an optimized p

关键词： Economics  

摘要： This collection of essays examines the effect of wage inequality on the aggregate economy and evaluates policies. In the first chapter, I evaluate the hypothesis that Skill Biased Technological Change (SBTC) leads to the decline in the firm entry rate in the United States. To the extent that people have to quit their jobs to start businesses, wages play the role of an opportunity cost of entrepreneurship. SBTC increases the skill premium and leads to an increase in the opportunity cost for college graduates to start businesses and to a decrease in the opportunity cost for high school graduates. The model can explain 21% of the actual decline in the entry rate. I conclude that SBTC is not an important factor in accounting for the decrease in the entry rate. In the second chapter, I examine the effect of a new college subsidy scheme whose amount varies across years on enrollment, graduation, and the skill premium com- pared to the current system in which the subsidy is constant across years. I find that switching to back-loaded subsidies with the same total budget increases the number of college graduates, decreases college dropout and decreases the skill premium more than the case with increasing the total budget of the current subsidies by 50%, and are welfare improving despite the fact that enrollment decreases. In the third chapter, I examine what is the optimal policy against the rising skill premium in a heterogeneous agent macroeconomic model in which agents make endogenous enrollment and dropout decisions. Some college enrollees in the model endogenously drop out after learning ability during college. Using this model, I derive the optimal progressive labor income tax and optimal college subsidies separately and compare the social welfare. While the effect of college subsidies is smaller than the case without learning ability, the optimal college subsidies improve social welfare more than the optimal progressive labor income tax.

关键词： Economics  

摘要： Economic inequality has increased sharply over the past few decades, motivating an explosion of macroeconomic research on understanding the causes and consequences of these trends. Understanding the drivers of rising inequality is important---not only because of an interest in inequality itself, but also because the effectiveness of macroeconomic policies often depends crucially on the nature and extent of heterogeneity across various economic actors. In my dissertation, I focus on explaining secular movements in the labor share of national income, and in the distribution of wealth. Why are workers receiving a smaller fraction of every dollar spent? Why is wealth so heavily concentrated at the top, and why has wealth inequality been surging? I also contribute, more technically, to understanding the nature of earnings dynamics over a worker's life-cycle. The first chapter studies the labor share of income in the post-war U.S. economy. I characterize its long-run behavior as a race between preferences and technology. On the one hand, those advances in technology that improve machines put downward pressure on the labor share. Crucial for this mechanism is the capital-labor elasticity, a key macroeconomic parameter, which I estimate with disaggregated production data, and taking into account input-output linkages. Given my estimate of an above-unitary elasticity, investment-specific technical change depresses the labor share. On the other hand, technological advances fuel economic growth. Using household spending data linked to the production side, I show that rising levels of real income are accompanied by a shift of consumption towards labor-intensive goods and services. Holding constant relative prices, the labor share increases. I find that the stability of the aggregate labor share until the early 1980s masked these two offsetting effects. Subsequently, the investment-specificity of technical change increased, manifesting itself in rapidly falling relative equipmen

关键词： Health economics   Macroeconomics   Public finance  

摘要： This dissertation consists of three essays that study the macroeconomics of health care. The first essay studies how policies can be designed to reduce differences in life expectancy across income groups in the United States and examines what the consequences of these policies are for welfare and the macroeconomy. Using a calibrated structural life cycle model with incomplete markets, heterogeneous agents, and endogenous health, I find that a universal health insurance reform leads to higher life expectancy, lower life expectancy inequality, lower health care spending, higher GDP per capita, and higher welfare, even after controlling for the increased tax burden needed to finance the reform. The second essay develops a structural life cycle model with incomplete markets and heterogeneous agents to study how the ability to file for medical bankruptcy affects incentives to purchase health insurance. I find that the ability to file for medical bankruptcy crowds out private health insurance coverage. The majority of the population, however, is better off in the economy with medical bankruptcy because of the implicit insurance provided by this option. Finally, motivated by the considerable heterogeneity in GDP per capita across the states of the US, the third essay develops a model to quantify the welfare differences across the states as measured by the expected lifetime utility of being born in a particular state. Using a calibrated version of the model that allows for state-specific variation in mortality risk, consumption uncertainty, and educational attainment, I document large and persistent heterogeneity in welfare across the states of the US.

关键词： 宏观经济学   课程教学   教学反思  

摘要： 本文根据作者在普通本科院校十几年的宏观经济学授课经验,总结宏观经济学课程教学中遇到的问题以及解决的对策,并对多年的宏观经济学课程教学进行反思。